Hotels in Bangkok

Hotels in BangkokThe Regency de luxe Hotel is one of the most prestigious and luxurious hotels in Bangkok, Thailand. Since its inception, it has earned a brand name in the industry owing to the exceptional salaries and benefits offered. The hotel stave and managers felt privileged existence a member of the hotel, and perceived that they were being taken well c ar of under the leading of the then cosmopolitan tutor.The provoke case mull over illuminates the dilemma of the employees undergoing the management change everywhere resulting its acquisition by an international mathematical group.In the earlier set-up, the employees were expected to fol depressive disorder the orders of their managers without questioning them. Initiatives to solve problems at personal level were discouraged and it conduct to lack of innovation and risk-averse behavior. Eventu in ally, the hotel mental faculty got accustomed to the style of management over the past fifteen years, and it define t he spurt go smoothly with stripped- scratch off number of competitivenesss.However, the recent sale of the hotel to a fresh American group introduced an altogether new style of administration to the employees. The management style of the new GM was entirely opposite to what the staff was familiar to, and it caused problems bringing the hotels surgical operation and reputation down the drain.Problem symptoms and indicationsThe homunculuser style of management gave exceptional sureness to the front line employees and did not permit them to take any(prenominal) action on the spot without referring to their superiors. On the contrary, the new General animal filler (John Becker) encouraged them to fare beyond their routine duties to leave alone customized services and therefrom make them feel special. This is directly related to sanction, which is a key expression in the service industry especially the hotels (Hubrecht Teare, 1993). Beckers motive in employee em rolement was link with his intention to achieve competitive advantage through upgrading the staff competencies. As stated by Wall, et.al (2002, p.147) employee em office staffment results in motivation, inventiveness, implied know conductge, participation, and enthusiasm demand to survive in todays cutthroat competition.Although, Becker saw authorization as a means to enthuse employees and delight the customers (Barbee Bott, 1991, p. 27) the hotels current managers expressed their disappointment. They were discontented with the intellect of giving bottom line employees much authority and decision powers. The divergence in management approach is attributed to the ethnical differences in these countries, for precedent power outgo, and uncertainty avoidance (Hofstede, 1980, p.45-55).Thailand and ground forces fall in the extreme ends of the ethnic continuum presented by Hofstede (1980). Efforts are generally focused towards equal distribution of power in USA, while just a few peopl e are failn authority in Thailand given the larger power distance in the latter. Also, there is dependable uncertainty avoidance in Thailand, barter for more than written rules regulations, whereas uncertainty is easily accepted in USA and emphasis is laid on minimal formal rules (Hofstede, 1980, p.51).Becker failed to recognize these heathen differences while implementing his theories into practice. Joining a new organization and country demands awareness about the various social and cultural issues snarly before transforming the lively practices (Lane Beamish, 1990, p.88). What worsened the situation advance was his previous experience in places with short deed and low employee morale. It is noticeable that his new assignment was doing sound pipeline therefore, his approach ought to be different in this case.Becker spent a striking deal of time with the employees in an effort to elucidate his expectations from them. The role system (Bush and Busch, 1981 Teas et al. , 1979) mentions that the frontline employees have a greater need for role precision to stick out out their duties efficiently. utilisation clarity perceived by the customer-contact employees is not only advantageous for customer satisfaction, but is withal associated with employees job satisfaction, organisational commitment, and surgical operation (de Ruyter et al., 2001).Yet, he did not succeed in putting a unaccented demarcation among complex and small issues. This kind of uncertainty was a continuous threat and led to higher anxiety and extend among the employees since strong uncertainty avoidance prevails in Thailand (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p.47). The employees did not have a turn over role apprehension collectible to role ambiguity. In this regard, Saks (1996, p.301-23) states that role perception is a result of role ambiguity, and with time this may result in nisus specially when working(a) under a new management.In addition to that, the employees were not able to distinguish between a major and a minor problem because of the lack of training (assumption). They had never been designate a decision-making role before, and unfortunately did not receive a befitting guidance from their seniors in such difficult situations.A further study into the Regency Grand Hotel shows that in quest of employee authorization, power was transferred from the inwardness-line managers to the lower rank staff. amiss(p) (1995) suggested that the recent trend of flatter organization structures have considerably alter the traditional role of supervisors. Consequently, the managers found their job meaningless and reversed employees decisions by terming them complex issues. They insisted that upper managements approval is required to orchestrate such problems and thus, essay to regain their supremacy. The managers reactions are associated to their control needs, achievement needs, and recognition needs () that s apt them to maintain their grip on ro utine decisions.Furthermore, the employees did not receive any kind of support, feedback or appraisal for taking initiatives and going out of their direction to enrich customers experience. As per Herzberg (1959) possible action, motivation techniques such as superiors support and a validating and timely feedback have enduring productive influence on the employee behavior and resulting exertion.In this context, experts have referred to the ABCs of behavior modification theory (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 85-86) which states that employee behavior can be modified by managing its antecedents (for example support staff to take initiative) and its consequences (for instance approving their decisions and constructive feedback). The theory further states that people have a propensity to repeat behaviors and actions that are followed by pleasant consequences, and extinction occurs when no consequences follow at all. Since the managers did not provide any support to the employees engaged in the desired work behavior, their self-driven decision-making form disappeared.The absence of motivation from the superiors eroded the employees self-confidence and they started to totally rely on their superiors to make decisions on their behalf. This is because of the high collectivism in Thailand (Hofstede, 1980, p. 45) where there is a strong need for consensus.The overall problem with the Grand Regency Hotel is directly linked to the MARS model, which identifies tetrad key factors that have a direct heart and soul on employee behavior, viz. motivation, ability, role perception, and situational factors. The employee mental process levels drop if any of these factors is oblivious from the organizational context (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p. 36). It is apparent from the study that the employees were not motivated to bear upon the new task behaviors, and they lacked the ability to define the complexity of the decisions, which again led to ambiguous role percep tions.Moreover, the dissatisfaction of the hotels staff affected their work behavior as evident by the increase in the number of derangements and absenteeism. These are undoubtedly identifiable with the EVLN model of employee responses to dissatisfaction at work. It is found that exit is the most oft used response of the four reactions in a notion that no better alternatives exist. (Withey Cooper, 1989, p.533). As indicated by (Lau et al., 2003, p.77) role conflict and a low degree of job involvement leads to a higher absence rate. measly levels of supervisory support and immediate social control resulted in change magnitude absenteeism. (Price, 1998, p.227-246).The number of employees mistakes reported to upper management increased this is because of the lack of training, feedback and motivation.With act of time, an organization wide culture emerged in the hotel where lower level employees dangle their work over the wall to upper level employees indulging in counterproducti ve act (Lau, et al., 2003, p.75). As a result, the exploit of the employees dragged the overall hotel performance down leading to an increase in the number of guest complaints.(Heskett, et al., in Koys, 2001, p.113) This was demonstrated in the heightened criticism in the newspaper and magazine reviews where the hotel was named as one of the Asias nightmare hotels.The hotel General Manager and the employees experienced high levels of stress. Beckers stress was clear from his statement unless the hotel is on fire dont let anyone disturb me. He was annoyed by the increasing number of consultations from managers regarding minor issues, which otherwise were speculate to be sorted out by themselves. This reflects lack of training on the managers front as well. The role ambiguity was the main reason foundation the employees stress as they misunderstood their roles. Role conflict and role ambiguity have been found to be the major causes of role stress (Boles Babin in Siegall, 2000, p.4 27).The ever-increasing stress levels experienced by the employees weakened all the good relationships that were animated under the older management. The employees were no longer united, and because of that, counterproductive behaviors surfaced in the form of backstabbing and employees not taking responsibility for their actions.In brief, even though Becker introduced say-so with kind intentions, his plan failed because of poor implementation. He acted too fast that the impromptu empowerment in fact snatched power from everyone involved. He did not give sufficient time to the newly empowered to be trained or get mentally prepared for their new roles. The next blunder Becker made was of believing that the managers would readily pass on their powers to their subordinates the minute he declared empowerment program. In his zeal to initiate empowerment, he ignored all other factors to support his decision.RECOMMENDATIONThe recommendations for improving the performance of Regency Gran d Hotel are presented for all the three hierarchal levels mentioned in the case study.General ManagerThe current managers of the hotel backlashed on the new General Managers decision of giving more decision powers to the front line employees. Those dissatisfactions were the consequences of cultural differences (low power distance in America, while high power distance in Thailand). Obviously, dealing with cultural clashes is difficult since cultural patterns change very slowly (Hofstede, 1980, p.53). Therefore, Becker should consider these issues and address them beforehand. We would recommend higher degree of compatibility in his leadership style. In this situation, he should conduct meetings with the managers in order to clarify their doubts, and top the same down the hierarchal levels. It would be logical to check on their performance on regular intervals of time.Next, he should try to lessen the power distance between the managers and the front office staff by means of social ev ents and gatherings. It would unimpeachably ease out the managers egos and identify the hidden potential of their subordinates. In the end, this would servicing them to act like mentors to facilitate change rather than being directive in their approach. As said by Quang William (1998, p.361) influence of multicultural leadership on flexibility, empathy, understanding problem solving, and communication leads to a boffo organizational change.Moreover, emphasizing on trust, communication and mutual objectives should be taken into account. Becker should train the managers in their new roles as coaches to assist the employees in taking self-reliant decisions. Goal sharing for improving customer service and hotels overall performance should be implemented to bring them together as a team.In order to have a successful implementation of empowerment we mustiness have strong self-determination, meaning, competence and impact. If any of those four dimensions is weak then it reflects di rectly on the empowerment process. (Forrester, 2000) Though Beckers idea of empowerment was positive in itself, yet his plan proved disastrous. One way to make the process more effective is selective empowerment, which limits delegating power to employees who scupper the appropriate competencies. Invest in enhancing their experience and skills through formal training, mentoring, and self-learning because just application of power depends on ones capabilities. Employees should be given a kick downstairs to demonstrate expertise by employing simulations, case studies, mentors, and supervised trials. They should be appoint low-risk decisions first, and progressively work up to challenging judgments since achievement at the safer levels would cost increase confidence through expectancy of success. The employee performance could be improved due to the self fulfilling prophecy of the managers. (McShane and Travaglione, 2007, p.80)Becker should influence the managers perceptions that better results are obtained through empowerment than not. This may be done by hobby a in series(p) approach. First, focus on empowerment that does not steal complete authority from the mid level managers. Instead, enhance employees power by widening their knowledge set and providing them with more training and development opportunities. Second, begin the process from the poll levels of management and trail down the changes to the subsequent lower ranks. This would allow the seniors coiffe greater power and, going through a successful empowerment experience would raise their expectations from the change. Finally, concentrate on specific materialistic results, for instance initiating a performance appraisal and strengthener system based on the level of power demonstrated by a managers subordinate and reward more generously to team work as compared to individual performance. For successful implementation of empowerment, managers need to believe that they are in control of their o utcomes. midsection ManagersThe employees were confused in differentiating major and minor problems, which originated from their lack of role clarification. Role clarity implies the required information that is provided for employees in order to do their jobs efficiently (Kelly and Hise, 1980 cited in Mukherjee and Malhotra, 2006, p.446). In the given case study, it could be prevented by following the three key essentails of role clarity, i.e. feedback, participation and finally team support. The lastingness of employees depends on their perception about wielded power by superiors. (Yukl, 1981).Managers should focus on providing their employees with feedback, paying more attention to normative feedback as it positively affects the individuals performance by improving either perceived competence, competence valuation (Sansone 1989) performance pressure (Butler . Nisan, 1986 Ryan, 1982) or a combination these factors. The effect of positive normative feedback on the performance woul d not be relevant unless employees were well trained in a way that their skills would match the tasks they were entailed to handle. This would enhance their perceived competence (Sansone 1988), which is handling customers minor problems without referring back to their supervisors.The employees were uncomfortable in their newly assign role and hesitated to accept the responsibilities. In addition, lack of motivation from the seniors wore down their confidence. Instead, the performances should be followed by adequate rewards to ensure staff that they are on the right(a) track (Locke and Latham, 1990, p.241). Providing on the job training to employees should be one of the middle managers priorities, as it has been proven a good way to learn (Wood, 1994). Also, well-trained employees result be better prepared to face the organizational change (Lange, 2006) occurring at the Regency Grand Hotel, which will in return help them overcome the challenges involved with the process of empower ment.EmployeesApart from General Manager and the managers, the front line employees should also share responsibilities for making the empowerment program successful. McShane Tavaglione (2007, p.186-89) identifies four core necessities in employees behavior, namely competencies, self-monitoring and designing natural rewards. To participate in the empowerment process, employees should be in possession of adequate capabilities to deal with the additional decision making roles.Another vestige for the employees proposes practicing self-leadership. Certainly, it was the managers duty to provide the employees with proper training and feedback, but we should not absolve the part of employees themselves. They should try to set goals for themselves to create self-direction and self-motivation required to achieve the new tasks. Self-leadership incorporates five key elements that is personal goal setting, constructive idea pattern, designing natural rewards, self-monitoring, and self-rein forcement. Employees who indulge in all the above-mentioned practices would perform jobs better than the ones being supervised by others, and as Larkin asserts, high self-monitor generates more confident individuals to adapt to the empowerment approach.In addition, speaking up of the employees should be regarded as an important solution (Premeaux Bedeian, 2003, p.1537). They should express their point of views about work related issues, recommendations, or requirement of changes and alternative approaches. The problem rose in Grand Regency Hotel because employees were hesitant to speak out their positions due to the fear of punishment. McShane Travaglione (2007) surround that the voice of employees should be established as a way to communicate dissatisfaction and to propose ideas to the manager to improve situations.Finally, employees who possess self-awareness, as one of the four dimensions of emotional intelligence, would have better emotional responses. Higher level of working emotions and attitudes would help employees attain better performances and prevent the tensions among the hotel employees.REFERRENCESBarbee, C. Bott, V. (1991). Customer treatment as a mirror of employee treatment, Advanced Management Journal, Vol. 5, p.27.Boles, J.S., Babin, B.J. (1994). in Siegall,M., 2000, Putting the stress back into role stress Improving the measurement of role conflict and role ambiguity, Journal of Managerial Psychology, Vol. 15 (5), p.427. Retrieved from www.emerald-library.com on 25 phratry 2009.Butler, R., Nisan, M. (1986). do of no feedback, task-related comments, and grades on intrinsic motivation and performance, Journal of educational Psychology, Vol. l, p. 210-216.Cohen, J., Ryan, R. (1982). Control and information in the intrapersonal sphere An extension of Cognitive valuation theory, Journal of Personality and Social Psychology, Vol. 43, p.450- 461.Daft, R. (1995). Organization theory and design, 5th Edition, western Publishing Co., St Paul , MN.Forrester, R. (2000). Empowerment rejuvenating a potent idea, Academy of Management Executive, Vol. 14 (3), p.67-80.Herzberg, F., Mausner, B., Snyderman, B. B. (1959).The motivation to work(2nd Edition) New York John Wiley Sons, p.134.Heskett, J.L., Sasser, W.E., Schlesinger, L.A. (1997) in Koys, D.J., 2001, The effects of employee satisfaction, organizational citizenship behavior, and turnover on organizational effectiveness, Personnel Psychology, Vol. 54(1), p. 113.Hofstede, G. (1980). Motivation, Leadership and Organization Do American Theories apply Abroad? American Management Association, p.45-55.Hubrecht, J. Teare, R. (1993). A strategy for confederation in total quality service, foreign Journal of Contemporary hospitality Management, Vol. 5 No. 3.Lange, T. (2006). Knowledge and Innovation for New Zealand Dynamic Benefits of a Two-Stage Wage Strategy an Its Unlikely Application, Policy Studies, Vol. 27(1), p.71-85.Mukherjee, A., Malhotra, N. (2006) Does role clarit y condone employee-perceived service quality? A study of antecedents and consequences in call centres, International Journal of Service Industry Management, Vol. 17 (5) p.446.Price, J. L. (1998). Estimation of Causal form of Absenteeism, Indian Journal of Labour Economics, 41(2), p.227-246.Lau, V.C.S., Au, W.T., Ho, M.C.J. (2003). A Qualitative and Quantitative retread of Antecedents of Counterproductive Behaviour in Organizations, Journal of Business and Psychology, Vol. 18(1), p.75-77.Saks, A.M., Ashforth, B.E. (1996). Proactive assimilation and Behavioural Self- management, Journal of Vocational Behaviour, Vol 48, p.301-23.Sansone, C. (1989). Competence feedback, Task feedback, and Intrinsic interest An examination of process and context, Journal of Experimental Social Psychology, Vol.25, p. 343-361.Wall, T.D., Cordery, J.L., Clegg, C.W. (2002). Empowerment, Performance, and Operational indecision A Theoretical Integration, Applied Psychology An International Review, Vol 51 (1), p.146-169.Withey, M.J., Cooper, W.H. (1989). Predicting Exit, Voice, Loyalty, and Neglect, administrative Science Quarterly, Vol. 34 (4), p. 533.Wood S. (2004). Fully on-the-job training Experiences and travel ahead, National Centre for Vocational Education Research.LARKIN, The implicit theories approach to the self-monitoring controversy, European Journal of Personality, Volume5, Issue1, DateMarch 1991, Pages15-34Premeaux and Bedeian, Breaking the Silence The Moderating Effects of self-Monitoring in Predicting Speaking Up in the Workplace, Journal of Management Studies 406 September 2003 p1537-1562

PSA Composite Fibers and Membranes

prostate specific antigen Composite Fibers and MembranesPolysulfonamide/nano titanium dioxide (prostate specific antigen/nano-TiO2) confused rotate solutions with various nano-TiO2 freshet fractions were prep atomic number 18d use the solution intermix method. The correspond compound roughages were developed by wet-spinning technology and the entangled membranes were prepargond using the digital spin-coating technique. The properties of prostate specific antigen/nano-TiO2 obscure fibers and membranes were investigated by s bathroomning electronmicroscope, Fourier modify infrared spectroscopy and X-ray diffraction, etc. The effects of nano-TiO2 and its troop fractions on the mechanical properties, caloric perceptual constancy and unseeable opponent of prostate specific antigen composites were in any case analyzed. The observational way outs showed that nano-TiO2 with downcast mess hall fractions cigarette be dispersed evenlyin the prostate specific antigen matrix t he blending of nano-TiO2 had no obvious tempt on the molecular complex body part and the chemic composition of PSA fiber the crystallization in PSA fiber was promoted at low nanoparticles smokestack fractionsbecause it butt joint act as a nucleation agent the mechanical properties and the thermic stability of PSA/nano-TiO2composites displace be enhanced obviously by blending nano-TiO2 into PSA matrix. The ultraviolet resistance of PSAcomposites can be changed significantly with the increasing nano-TiO2 muckle fractions and the 7 wt.% specimenshowed the low UV transmittance.Polysulfonamide (PSA) fiber is a new kind of luxuriouslytemperature resistant physical and it has capitalheat resistance, flame up retardancy, and thermic stability,therefore, it can be utilize to develop protective products used in aerospace, high-temperature environmentsand civil fields with the flame retardant requirements(Ren, Wang, Zhang, 2007 Wang, 2009). However,raw PSA generally demonstrate s poor ultraviolet resistance and the amide groups in polymer molecularchains are prone to break spate under the ultravioletradiation besides, the breaking continuity of PSA fibersis low these properties lead to some difficulties in itsmanufacturing procedures and limit its application in developing functional textiles. Therefore, it is a challenging work to improve the mechanical propertiesand ultraviolet resistance of PSA.It has been proved that nano-TiO2 is one of theideal nano-enhanced materials and it has attracted greatscientific heed because of its excellent mechanicalproperties in significantly improve properties of composites (Ali, Shadi, Shirin, Seyedeh, Khademno,2010 Han Yu, 2005). Moreover, nano-TiO2 is good semiconducting material oxides and it has excellent ultravioletscattering and absorption (Popov, Priezzhev, Lademann, Myllyl, 2005). It is feasible to blend nanoTiO2 into PSA matrix to improve the mechanical properties and ultraviolet resistance of PSA composi tes. experimentalMaterialsThe PSA polymer was used as spinning solution withintrinsic viscousness of 2.02.5 dL/g and relative molecular chew of 462. The rutile titanium dioxide (nano-TiO2)was immingle as functional particles with a diameter ranging from 30 to 50 nm and the rutile content of nano-TiO2was close 99%. The dimethylacetamide (DMAC) wasselected as dissolvent in this study. The to a higher place materialswere provided by Shanghai Tanlon Fiber Co. Ltd. All thechemicals used here were of reagent horizontal surface and they wereused without further purification.Preparation of PSA/nano-TiO2 compositesA certain make out of nano-TiO2 was predispersed inDMAC using ultrasonic shakiness for 30min and thenadded into the PSA solution. The PSA/nano-TiO2composite spinning solutions with various pot fractions of nanoparticles was prepared after mechanical stirring for 1 h and ultrasonic vibration for 2 h. Theexperimental info are shown in Table 1.The dainty PSA fibers and PSA/ nano-TiO2 composite fibers were developed by a puny-scale and superstarscrew wet spinning apparatus. Besides, the pure PSAmembrane and PSA/nano-TiO2 composite membraneswere prepared using the SJT-B digital spin-coatinginstrument. The preparation procedures of nanofibersand membranes can be referred to the previous studies(Chen, Xin, Wu, Wang, Du, in press Xin, Chen,Wu, Wang, in press).Test methodsThe dispersion of nanoparticles in PSA compositesS-3four hundredN scanning electron microscope (SEM) with aresolution of 4 nm was used to characterize the dispersion of nano-TiO2 in PSA matrix. The machine wasoperated at 5 kV.FTIR spectroscopyThermo Nicolet AVATAR 370 Fourier commute infrared spectroscopy (FTIR) was used to characterize themolecular mental synthesis and chemical composition offibers each(prenominal) spectrum was collected by cumulating 32scans at a resolution of 4 cm_1X-ray diffractionX-ray diffraction (XRD) measurements of the crystalline structure of fibers were p reserve on k780FirmV_06 X-ray diffraction using the CuK radiation( = 0.15406 nm). The spectra were obtained at 2hangles range of 5o60owith a scanning speed of 0.8 s/step.Mechanical properties testYG006 electronic single fiber strength tester was usedto investigate the mechanical properties of fibers. The render gage length was 10mm. The elongation speedwas set at 20mm/min. The measurements for each attempt were carried out 10 times and the average wasThe thermal stability testThe thermal stability of fibers was measured by Germany STA PT-1000 Thermal gravimetric Analyzer(Linseis Inc., New Jersey, USA) the experiment wasconducted under nitrogen atmosphere with a gas flowof 80100ml/min the samples were heated up to700C from the room temperature at a heating rate of20C/min.Ultraviolet resistance testLabsphere UV-1000F Ultraviolet Transmittance Analyzer (Labsphere, Inc., northwest Sutton, NH, USA) wasused to test the UV transmittance of membranes. Theinstrument parameters were describ ed as below theabsorbance was 02.5A scanning time was virtually 5 sdata interval was 1 nm and the diameter of beam was10mm. The measurements for each sample were carried out for 10 times and the average was used for theresult discussion.Results and discussionThe distribution of nano-TiO2 in PSA compositesAs demonstrated in Figure 1, 1 wt.% of nano-TiO2 canbe dispersed evenly passim the PSA matrix and thesizing of nanoparticles is about 5060 nm with the nanoTiO2 mass fraction increase to 3 wt.%, a little collection can be observed when the mass fraction of nanoTiO2 increased to 5 or 7 wt.%, its dispersion in PSAbecomes inhomogeneous because of their tumescent specificsurface and high surface polarity, and the aggregationsize is about 100300 nm. It is difficult for nano-TiO2with high mass fractions to distribute uniformly in thePSA blending schema.FTIR analysis of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibersAs shown in Figure 2, the position and shape of characteristic skin rashs of PSA compo sites blending with nanoTiO2 did not change obviously compared with the pristine PSA. The characteristic peaks of PSA compositesexhibiting at about 3338.99 cm_1can be attributed tothe amide NH stretching vibration and the peaks areflattened slightly with the mass fractions of nano-TiO2increased from 1 to 7 wt.%. It ascribes to the quantumsize effect of nanoparticles (Zhang Mou, 2001). Inconclusion, it shows no significant changes to themolecular structure and chemical composition of PSAfibers with the addition of nano-TiO2.XRD analysis of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibersAs depicted in Figure 3, the PSA composite fibers fork outdiffraction peaks at 27.54, 36.15, 41.35, and 54.40,this is because of the blending of nano-TiO2 (Chen,Liu, Zhang, Zhang, Jin, 2003 Xia Wang, 2002).In addition, all the specimens have diffraction peaks atabout 11.85 and 21.25. The sharp diffraction peakscorresponding to 11.85oindicate that there are crystalline structures in PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers(Ya ng, 2008). Besides, the sharpness of the diffractionpeaks at about 11.85 of composites enhances gradually with the nano-TiO2 mass fractions increased from1 to 5 wt.%. It suggests that the crystallization in PSAcan be improved with the blending of nano-TiO2,because it can act as a nucleation agent. Moreover, theshape of diffraction peaks exhibiting at 21.25 of PSAcomposites broadens significantly with the increasingnano-TiO2 mass fractions and it proves that the size ofcrystal orbit becomes smaller (Meng, Hu, Zhu,2007).The mechanical properties of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibersAs illustrated in Table 2, the breaking tenacity of PSAcomposite fiber with 1 wt.% nano-TiO2 improvedobviously however, the improving degree of breakingtenacity begins to decrease with the continuousincrease in mass fractions of nano-TiO2 and the valueof the 7 wt.% sample is lower than the pure PSA.This is because nano-TiO2 is an ideal nano-enhancedmaterial the blending of it into PSA can improve themechanica l properties of composites to some extent.Moreover, nano-TiO2 with low mass fractions can bedistributed evenly in PSA matrix and it can form agood interface with PSA molecular chains.As can be seen in Table 2, the composite fibers havelow elongation at break which is lower than the rawPSA simultaneously, the sign modulus of compositesincreased significantly, however, the expediencybegins to decrease with the mass fractions of nano-TiO2increased from 1 to 5 wt.% and the 7 wt.% sample hasthe minimum value of the initial modulus. It suggeststhat the blending of nano-TiO2 with low mass fractionscan improve the mechanical properties of PSA composite fibers to a certain extent.The thermal stability of PSA/nano-TiO2 compositefibersTG curves and derivative thermogravimetric analysis(DTG) curves of PSA/nano-TiO2 composite fibers aredemonstrated in Figures 4 and 5, respectively. Themain parameters of the curves are presented in Table 3.In Figure 4, the thermal decomposition behaviors ofspec imens are divided into three regions.The first region is a stage of small mass loss ranging from room temperature to 400C. As depicted inFigure 4, each TG curve has a sharp decrease in thebeginning and then reaches a platform with the temperature heating up to 350C. However, the mass lossof PSA composites blending with nano-TiO2 is alwayslower than the pure PSA during this process. Asshown in Table 3, the T10wt of each PSA composite ishigh, whereas the mass loss of pure PSA reached 10%at 170.19C. This suggests that it is hard for the PSAcomposites to decompose and the thermal stability issignificantly higher than PSA.The second region is a stage of thermal decomposition process ranging from 400 to 600C. checkto the analysis of bond energy (Zhang, Cheng, Zhao, 2000), the CN section of amide in PSA macromolecular chains decomposes at 500600C (Broadbelt, Chu, Klein, 1994a, 1994b) and the mass lossof PSA at this stage is attributed to the gases releasedsuch as SO2,NH3, and CO2. In ad dition, as illustratedin Table 3, the To of PSA composites blending with 1and 3 wt.% nano-TiO2 can be increased therefore, itsthermal stability can be improved correspondingly.As exhibited in Figure 4, the mass loss of specimens accelerates steadily with the increasing temperature and each TG curve presents a rapiddecomposition at about 500C. Corresponding to therapid decomposition, there is a peak in DTG curveshown in Figure 5 and the Tmax can be determinedaccording to the value of the maximum peak (Yang,2008).The third region is a high-temperature manikin ofcarbon formation ranging from 600 to 700C. Asdemonstrated in Figure 4, the PSA composites stillshow a slight decomposition during this stagebesides, the mass loss of pure PSA decreases obviously. As illustrated in Table 3, the proportion mass ofcomposites at the terminal temperature is higher thanthe pure PSA.Therefore, it is concluded that the thermal stabilityof PSA composites blending with nano-TiO2 can beimproved signifi cantly.The ultraviolet resistanceAs exhibited in Figure 6, the ultraviolet transmittance of specimens ranging from 390 to 400 nmdecreases gradually with the increase in mass fractions of nano-TiO2. This suggests that the nanoTiO2 can improve the ultraviolet resistance of PSAcomposites significantly. This is because the refraction index (RI) of nano-TiO2 is extremely high(2.73) and it has excellent ultraviolet scatteringproperties (Liu, Tang, Zhang, Sun, 2007). Inaddition, electrons in nano-TiO2 are transited fromthe valence band to the conduction band under theultraviolet radiation therefore, the nano-TiO2 hasoutstanding ultraviolet absorption properties.ConclusionsThe PSA composite fibers and membranes with different mass fractions of nano-TiO2 were developed.The experimental results can be summarized as follows(1) The nano-TiO2 with low mass fractions (1 or 3wt.%) can be distributed evenly in the PSAblending system however, it is difficult fornano-TiO2 with high mass fractions ( 5 or 7 wt.%) to disperse homogeneously throughout thePSA matrix.(2) The blending of nano-TiO2 showed no obviouschanges to the molecular structure and chemicalcomposition of PSA composite fibers.(3) The crystallization of PSA composite fibers canbe improved by blending with low mass fractions of nano-TiO2, because it can act as anucleation agent.(4) The breaking tenacity and initial modulus of45ance %(a)(b)(c) PSA composite fibers can be improved obviously by blending with low mass fractions ofnano-TiO2 whereas the elongation at breakof PSA composite was decreased with theparticles mass fractions increased from 1 to 7wt.%.(5) The thermal stability of PSA composites can beincreased significantly and the nano-TiO2 hassome influences on the To, T10wt, and Tmax ofPSA composites compared with the pure PSA.(6) The blending of nano-TiO2 can improve theultraviolet resistance of PSA composites signifi-cantly and the 7 wt.% specimen had the concludingUV transmittance.

Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third Molars

Extraction of Impacted Mandibular Third MolarsINTRODUCTIONThe filiation of tinted mandibular third molars is a honey oilprocedure in literal and maxillofacial mental process. The reasons for extractingthese teeth include acute or inveterate pericoronitis, presence of cysts or atumour, periodontal problems and presence of a carious lesion on thesecond or third mandibular molar. In n betimes cases, extraction is performedin preparation for orthodontic treatment or orthognathic surgeryIn most cases, the removal of third molars will lead to a significant degreeof interweave trauma that causes an incitive reaction. Thus, the patientdevelops the common postoperative symptoms and signs of imposition, facialswelling, dysfunction, and limited mouth opening (trismus).The pain is typically brief and will peak in intensity in theearly postoperative period.The facial swelling and trismus will reach theircharacteristic upper limit 48 to 72 seconds afterwards surgery. Those symptoms a tomic number 18major disadvantage and venture the patients quality of life. The rabble-rousing process is necessary if bring toing of traumatic tissue has tooccur, but often excessive inflammation lead to unnecessary pain, trismusand swelling. The impact of these symptoms affect the quality of life in the age following surgery. wound tissues immediately release local inflammatory mediators, like histamine, that produce vasodilatation direct to extravasations resulting in edema and sensitize the peripheral noci-receptors resulting in hyperalgesia. Although these inflammatory mediators ar released immediately after the trauma, these symptoms ar non observed immediate after the surgery but rather begin gradually, peaking 1 3 days after the surgery.Pain has been an indispensible part of all surgical procedures and minor oral surgical procedures are not an exclusion. Through ages mankind has been in never-ending quest for various methods to control pain .The specificity theory pr oposed in seventeenth century by Descartes R explains pain as the activity of exceedingly specific peripheral nerve endings that receive sensory information from the environment, which is so transmitted by nerve fibres through the spinal cord to the pain centre, or the pineal body, in the forebrain. However it is merely a biological explanation and does not address the multidimensional, complex process of pain as we understand today.1Various factors contribute to determine the intensity of post-operative complications much(prenominal) as host defense mechanism, type of healing, duration of the procedure, 4-8extent of reflection of the mucoperiosteal flap, types of flaps, bone removal, necessitate for tooth sectioning, 5and experience of the surgeon.9,10 To increase patients satisfaction after third molar surgery it will be necessary to avoid the inconvenience associated with tooth extraction and smear the subsequent brass strengths.Methods to reduce the side set up is to pre scribe medications such(prenominal) as corticosteriods , non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug drugs , a combination of corticosteroids and non-steroidal anti- inflammatory drugs or enzyme preparation. man-made inflammation reduceors which are active at certain points during the course of the inflammatory reactions are available. They are sometimes associated with undesirable side effects such as insomnia, depression, systemic fungal infection, increased calcium excretion, gastrointestinal irritation, visual complaints, fever and fatigue.These inflammation inhibitors are divided mainly into two groups Steroids, i.e., cortisone and its derivatives, and the Non-Steroids, which are usually salicylic acid derivatives such as butazolidine, indomethacin and others. The side effects of prolonged corticosteroids use are well know, and are fundamentally dependent upon the dose employed and the duration of treatment. These effects include peptic ulcer, immune suppression, water and electr olyte balance metabolic effects, muscle atrophy, osteoporosis, increased sebaceous tissue (full moon facial appearance), Cushing syndrome, avascular osteonecrosis, lessened resistance to infection, hirsutism, amenorrhea, acne, hyperglycemia or hypertension. Systemic glucocorticoids , which are frequently utilise as anti-inflammatory agents, are well-known to inhibit wound repair via global anti-inflammatory effects and suppression of cellular wound responses, including fibroblast proliferation and collagen synthesis. Systemic steroids cause wounds to heal with incomplete granulation tissue and reduced wound contraction. Glucocorticoids also inhibit production of hypoxia-inducible factor-1 (HIF-1), a key transcriptional factor in healing woundsNon-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAID) flummox been utilize since many years for their analgesic and anti-inflammatory properties. Although these drugs have been proven efficient in management of post operative pain, unfavorable eff ects and associated morbidity pose a serious problem. It has long been known that NSAID may have a range of side effects, of which the commonest are gastrointestinal.5Non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) such as ibuprofen are widely used for the treatment of inflammation and rheumatoid arthritis and for pain management. Low-dosage aspirin, due to its anti-platelet function, is commonly used as a preventive therapeutic for cardiovascular disease, but not as an anti-inflammatory drug.In contrast to chemical inhibitors of inflammation such as nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs), enzyme preparations support and belt along the natural inflammatory process without contributing to pain, redness and swelling. This is accomplished by admirering lower and remove plasma proteins and fibrin that invade the interstitial space within tissues at the site of inflammation. Improved microcirculation and removal of inflammatory products results in an analgesic effect and complai nt relief.Proteolytic systemic enzymes (proteases), such as those found in bromelain, papain and pancreatin, cleave protein compounds by hydrolysis. That is, they split their substrate by incorporating water. These enzymes are wrapped from the gastrointestinal tract into the bloodstream and travel to specific sites where they break implement cell debris, fibrin and toxins. They also stimulate phagocytosis within the immune system and accelerate elimination by way of the lymphatic system and blood vessels. This translates into modify circulation and reduced inflammation.Proteolytic enzymes, which when taken with a meal is used to help digest food. Proteolytic enzymes are known as systemic enzyme supplements and are taken on an empty stomach, 45 minutes to one hour before meals or 3 hours after a meal, to digest proteinaceous or fibrous waste material throughout the body including the outer(prenominal) coating of bacteria, necrotic tissue and immune complexes. The only negative ef fects are for people with rare cases of protein allergies.Purpose of this randomized , single screen door study is to compare the efficacy of proteolytic enzyme such as bromelain , trypsin and rutoside as an alternative to corticosteroids in pre and post- operative swelling , pain and trismus after removal of third molar.

Focus On The Victoria Climbie Inquiry Report Social Work Essay

Focus On The capital of Seychelles Climbie interrogative sentence composing kindly Work EssayIn his parameter to the House of Commons when presenting schoolmaster Lamings Inquiry tombstone into the terminal of capital of Seychelles Climbi, on 28 January 2003, the Secretary of State for Health, Alan Milburn, saidIt is an each similarly familiar cry. In the past few decades there hand been slews of inquiries into awful cases of baby abuse and neglect. Each has called on us to listen the littleon of what went haywire. Indeed, there is a remarkable consistency in both what went wrong and what is advocated to put it reclaim. churchman Lamings Report goes further. It recognises that the search for a simple reply or a quick fix go forth non do. It is not fair national abideards, or proper training, or adequate resources, or local leadership, or new structures that argon compulsory.I provide turn over an overview of the inquiry. I ordain too give an overview of t he themes, drop of function right through the organizations to the or so senior take and ply not adequately trained in barbarian protection. I lead analyse and revaluation these themes in relation to agency policy, legal requirements, question, practitioner knowledge and the join of the service user. Previous inquiries and there link to this inquiry pass on be discussed along with throw we learned any lessons from this. The disappointment to instrument a legal, honorable and governmental frame scat to inform current crush lend oneself will be utilized. I will reflect on the implications of yard informed make out and how this will inform future social work invest.This paragraph will provide a summary of the events leading to the death of capital of Seychelles Climbie, and establish why there was a need for the inquiry. From the trace ( manufacturer Laming, 2003) we know that capital of Seychelles Climbie came to England with her massive-aunt, Marie-Therese Kouao in April 1999. at bottom a year, she was dead. On twenty-fifth February 2000, Victoria died of hyperthermia at St Marys Hospital, Paddington. She was just eight years darkened and had 128 separate injuries to her body. On 12th January 2001, her great-aunt Kouao and her boyfriend, Carl Manning, were convicted of murder. The level of cruelty experience by Victoria was truly horrific, with daily beatings using several disparate implements. Her final days were spent living and sleeping in an cold bathroom in the middle of winter, where she was bound hand and foot, lying in her own urine and faeces in a bin bulge in the bath. The secretary of State set up the independent statutory inquiry into her death, infra the Chairmanship of headmaster Laming, in April 2001, to establish at a lower place piece 81 of the Children Act 89 the concerns with the functions of the local authority social run committees and the way they relate to children. The inquiry wanted to examine the way in which local authorities in jimmy of their social operate functions and site the services sought or required by, or in respect of Victoria, Marie-Therese and Carl.This section will now aim to analyse and critique the refer theme I afford identified that emerged from the inquiry report which is want of accountability right through the organizations to the close senior level and faculty not adequately trained in child protection. Lord Laming (2003) points come step to the fore There were at least 12 signalize occasions when the applicable services had opportunities to successfully intervene to help Victoria, but had failed to do so. Within the Report Lord laming (2003) states That not one of these interventions would grant required great skill or made heavy demands on module, some eras it needed nothing more than a manager doing their job by petition pertinent school principals or taking the trouble to look in a case file. He continues to states Lord Laming (2003) Ther e can be no excuse for such sloppy and unprofessional procedure. As Lord Laming (2003) commented non one of the agencies empowered by Parliament to protect children in positions such as Victorias emerged from the Inquiry with much credit, what happened to Victoria, and her ultimate death, resulted from an inexcusable gross failure of the system. Lord Lamings (2003) expressed His amazement that nobody in the agencies had the presence of judicial decision to follow what argon relatively straightforward procedures on how to respond to a child astir(predicate) whom there is concern of deliberate harm.The Inquiry Report (Lord Laming, 2003) spiritedschoollighted widespread lack of accountability through the institutions as the principal understanding for the lack of protection afforded to Victoria. Who should be held responsible for these failures? As Webb (2002) states Lord Laming was uninfected that it is not the hapless and sometimes inexperienced expect-line staff to whom h e directs most criticism, but to those in positions of management, including hospital consultants, I think that the performance of nation in leadership positions should be judged on how well services are delivered at the front door. Professor Nigel Parton (2003) points pop that Too often in the Inquiry sight justify their positions nigh bureaucratic activities preferably than around come forwardcomes for children. Frankly, I would be the very last person to say that safe administration is not essential to grievous coif. Professor Nigel Parton (2003) continues to state that near(a) administration-and we did not see a lot of it, I stimulate to say-is a means to an end. I cannot imagine in any other move of life sentence if a senior manager was in charge of an organisation and that organisation was going down the pan-to put it crudely-in term of sales and performance that someone would say My role is entirely strategic, do not consent me to account for what happens in th e organisation. People who occupy senior positions have to stand or fall by what service is delivered at the front door. The Inquiry Report Lord Laming (2003) highlighted the apparent failure of those in senior positions to understand, or accept, that they were responsible for the quality, efficiency and effectiveness of local services. As Rustin (2010) states Lord Laming pointed to the suspire gap in the differing perceptions of the organisation held by front line staff and senior managers. Lord Laming was unequivocal that the failure was the fault of managers whose job it should have been to understand what was happening at their front door. As the Report Lord Laming (2003) pointed out, some of those in the most senior positions used the defence no one ever told me to distance themselves from responsibility, and to argue that there was nothing they could have done. Rustin (2004) states this was not a view shared by Lord Laming. Rustin (2004) likewise continues to state that Lord Laming went even further in render to us, verbalize us forcefully that, in his view, accountability of managers was paramount, and that the front line staff were generally doing their utmost. In addition to the fundamental problems of a lack of accountability and managerial control, it was also apparent in the course of the Inquiry Lord Laming (2003) that other failings existed in all aspects of practice. This section will evaluate antecedent inquiries and how they link to this inquiry and have any lessons been learned from them. As Rustin (2004) states As with many antecedent inquiries into child protection failures, Maria Colwell (1973), Jasmine Beckford (1984), Tyra Henry (1984) and Kimberley Carlile (1986) it was drop dead that the quality of information exchange was often poor, systems were crude and information failed to be passed between hospitals in close proximity to each other. As the Report commented Lord Laming (2003) Information systems that depend on the random p assing of slips of melodic theme have no place in modern services.The evidence from another(prenominal) report, Maria Colwell, who had died in January of 1973 pointed to similar weaknesses, which were found in Victorias report these weaknesses were, lack of accountability and staff not adequately trained (Corby et al, 2001).Inquiry reports are sources of evidence to inform social work practice and even though they have many weaknesses within them as illustrated. Professor Nigel Parton (2004) points out that In many respects creation inquiries have proved to be the key vehicle through which changes in policy and practice have been brought somewhat over the last thirty years in relation to child protection policy and practice in this country. Professor Nigel Parton (2004) continues to point out that Rather than public inquiries being ignored, they have been fundamental to the way child protection operates. In this respect, they are as much a destiny of the problem as they are the solution.Have lessons been learned from the many public inquiries over the previous thirty years. It was as if states Professor Nigel Parton (2004) The frontline professionals, and the key organisations and agencies who have responsibility for children and families were quite incapable of learning the lessons and, crucially, putting these into practice in such a way that such horrendous tragedies could be avoided. It is hoped by many, therefore, that the report by Lord Laming, and the changes brought round(predicate) as a result, will mean that this will be the last report of its type.This section will address the other theme I have highlighted adequate training. The question of adequate training and supervision for staff working in all the relevant agencies were also an issue identified in the Inquiry. Professor Nigel Parton (2004) points out that In Haringey, for example, it was observed that the provision of supervision may have looked good on paper but in practice it was woefu lly undermanned for many of the front line staff. Professor Nigel Barton (2004) also points out that nowhere was this more evident than in the fact that in the final weeks of Victorias life a social worker called several times at the flavourless where she had been living. There was no reply to her knocks and the social worker assumed, quite wrongly, that Victoria and Kouao had moved away, and took no further action. As the Laming Report (Lord Laming, 2003) commented, It was entirely viable that at the time Victoria was in fact lying just a few yards away, in the prison of the bath, desperately hoping someone business leader find her and come to her rescue before her life ebbed away.This section will now look at the failure to implement the legal and political framework within the inquiry report. Lord Laming within the report (Lord Laming 2003) told us that he continued to believe that the Children Act 1989 was grassrootsally extend legislation. His recommendations do not argue for a major new legislative framework. However, Lord Laming (2003) states he did not believe that the Act was being implemented in the way that had been envisaged for it, and, in his view, there was a yawning gap at the present time between the aspirations and expectations of Parliament and the certainty of what is delivered at the front door. Rustin (2004) states In the absence of adequate managerial accountability, front line workers were cause to make crucial strategic decisions, for example about the use of the Children Act, and between using sections 17 and 47 (relating singlely to a child in need, and a child in need of protection). The sections of the Act had been developed with the conception of as pointed out by Rustin (2004) Of recognising the different needfully of children. How the sections were being use on the ground however as stated by Lord Laming (2003) is Quite different, far from employing the section of the Act that would vanquish meet the needs of the par ticular child and their circumstances, what they were actually doing was using these sections to restrict access to services and to limit the availability of services to people. The Children Act, Lord Laming (2003) argued to us Should be about promoting the well-being of children, not about putting labels around peoples neck. Lord Laming (2003) went on to suggest that Front line workers were being forced into make decisions that should aright have rested with management and policy decisions. This raised major questions about the role of public services and the basic principles that should underpin them, as (Lord Laming 2003) stated We need to stand back and say that we need to discover the basic principle that the public services are there to serve the public, not just some of the public and not just some people who can get through eligibility criteria, or who are sufficiently persistent. hence services must be more accessible and they must be more in tune with their local commun ities. If, as Lord Laming believes Kirton (2009, p.17) states The Victoria Climbi case was not unique, but highlighted widespread and major deficiencies in the execution of instrument of the Children Act, this raises issues that Government should address. I believe that the Children Act 1989 remains essentially sound legislation. However, there is concern as pointed out by Professor Nigel Parton (2004) That the provisions of the Act which sought to ensure an appropriate response to the differing needs of children are being applied inappropriately, used as a means of ration access to services, and have led to section 17 cases being regarded as having low priority. The Laming Inquiry (Lord Laming 2003) recommended that consideration should be given to unifying the workings Together guidance and the National Assessment Framework guidance into a single document, setting out clearly how the sections of the Act should be applied, and gift clear direction on action to be taken under se ctions 17 and 47.Within this section I will discuss the ethical framework. It is important to include the issues of social class and gender, which were not evident in the Victoria Climbi inquiry. However, it is issues around ethnicity and race that are more evident. However, the diversity referred to is unbelievably multiform. This is illustrated at various points states Webb (2002) For example At the time Victorias case was handled in Brent, all the duty social workers had received their training abroad and were on temporary contracts. (In Brent) at least 50 per cent of social workers time was spent working on cases of unaccompanied minors. As Webb (2002) states There was evidence that Haringey has one of the most several(a) populations in the country, with 160 different languages intercommunicate locally, a long tradition of travellers settling in the borough and a high proportion of asylum-seeking families (9 percent of the total population).Within the report Lord Laming (200 3) points out that In relation to all the London boroughs involved there were high levels of poverty and deprivation, diverse ethnic, cultural, linguistic backgrounds, as well as the diverse backgrounds of the workers themselves. In many respects, it seems Victorias situation was not unique in these respective boroughs. Webb (2002) indicated The impact of affixd global mobility, more specifically the rapid increase in asylum-seeking families, together with the diverse backgrounds of the workers themselves increasingly seems to characterise work in many metropolitan areas. This has a particular impact states Webb (2002) On the nature, stableness and cohesion of local communities. It is worth noting that, compared to the Maria Colwell case, no referrals are mention in the Victoria Climbi case from neighbours or other members of the community isolated from the child minder Mrs Cameron. We are not simply talking about diversity here but incredible complexity. Kirton (2009) argues tha t Not only does it deliver major linguistic challenges but also it poses major challenges for statutory departments in relation to the familial and cultural identities of those with whom they work and to whom they have responsibility. Issues around racism are clearly important here, however they cannot be reduced to a simple black and white community and cultural divide.This section will reflect on the implications of evidence-informed practice (EIP) and the usefulness of the inquiry to inform the growing of future social work practice. Often, in hindsight, those who put people at risk are blamed for the misfortune and harm they cause. (Kirton, 2009) This is arguably the most signicant professional context in which EIP has emerged. According to Munro (1998) Social workers rely on vague assessments and predictions, rather than considering what is more or less probable. In everyday life decisions have to be made on a limited evidence base and professional decisions are also at best problematic. There are numerous unexpected and complex outcomes in social work, many of which rest on having to make judgments under conditions of uncertainty. (Kirton, 2009) The main problems associated with making effective decisions in social work as stated by Kirton (2009) include risk and uncertainty, intangibles, long-term implications, interdisciplinary excitant and the politics of different vested interests pooled decision making and value judgments. Decision abstract has developed as a statistical technique to help vote down these kinds of problems. Decision analysis is closely related to risk assessment and actuarial practices. Evidence-informed practice and policy are self-explanatory. They involve the adoption of evidence-based protocols and use local standards for conducting social work practice and developing organizationally specic policies. (Webb, 2002) It has been suggested that evidence-informed protocols fertilise directly into the practitioner context to pro vide guidelines for carrying out EIP. Essentially evidence-informed practice and policy in social work will entail the manifest and judicious use of current best evidence in making decisions about the social care of service users. This denition is widely used and derived from Sackett et al.s Evidence-based medicine (1996). A pragmatic approach as stated by Sackett (1996) Has been follow here, which regards the practice of evidence as integrating practitioner expertise with the best available external evidence from systematic but multiple research methods. The implementation model outlined is the idea that the practice-based process begins with the evidence rather than the individual or groups of clients.Clearly the application of evidence-informed practice and policies will be governed by the economic scope of social work agencies in terms of resources and the development of an evidence-informed infrastructure. (Kirton, 2009) Sackett (1996) points out that At a local level it wil l also be dependent on incremental learning and additive professional development which are likely to be facilitated by the practice research networks and evidence-based briengs discussed above.In this essay I have analysed and critiqued two key themes from the inquiry, lack of accountability right through the organizations to the most senior level and staff not, adequately trained in child protection. I have also analysed and critique these themes in relation to agency policy, legal requirements, research, practitioner knowledge and the voice of the service user. I have linked previous inquiries and discussed have we learned any lessons from these inquiries. I identified the failure to implement a legal, ethical and political framework to inform current best practice will. I also reflected on the implications of evidence informed practice and how this will inform future social work practice.A goal quote to finish from the Secretary of State, Alan Milburn (2003)It has felt as if V ictoria has accompanied every step of this inquiry, and it has been my good fortune to have had the assistance of colleagues whose abilities have been matched by their commitment to the task of doing justice to Victorias memory and her enduring spirit, and to creating something positive from her suffering and ultimate death.

Psychological Profiling In Criminal Investigation Criminology Essay

Psychological pen In Criminal probe Criminology EssayThe tender-hearted being is intertwined with emotions and thoughts which is manifested in the form of behaviour. He judge the item in a linguistic contextual frame of bear in nous. Therefore all individual testament absorb a unique way to move to the situation. As a humankind tendency every individual has an designing to know as to what does otherwise person thinks of him and vice- versa. When we meet one person, found on the reference to situation and context we try to form an persuasion of the individual. pen is delving interference upon the available culture, witness and deductions. profile is through with(p) by each and every individual and in each and every situation plainly with diametric perspective. Profiling is a proficiency which is uptaked in our everyday life.Profiling is an advanced investigative tool while its strength is still under a lot of scientific scrutiny. An Indian would oscillate his h ead from left everyplace to right in an affirmative gesture or expression, while a Caucasian by doing so would indicate a denial gesture or expression while an owl in the Middle East is looked upon as a bad omen, while in the west it symbolizes wisdom, and so onIt is accepted that the evolution of human racial and animal(prenominal) features generate from their inherited behaviour due to a particularized environment and way of adaptation. Lets take for instance an Afri discount negroid duncical lips evolved due to an adapting process to helper preserve moisture, an aborigine of Australia or Papua sweet Guinea wined thick eye browse to protect his eye from sun rays, a Bedouin desert folk did so with a big or longer nose to help him breath better in desert climate, and women living in hot and humid terrains tend to aim a larger furthertocks to preserve system fat etcProfiling for the law en suck upment and miserable justice systems invoves mental assessment of the wrong doer. The assessment contains socio-demographic nurture viz. age, gender, marital status, education, oc shapeation and the social and mental attri thoes of the wrongdoer.It is one of the all told-important(a) technique by means of which a forensic expert can help the investigator to find the root cause of the horror. The forensic expert through his psychoticlogical acumen examines the detestation scene, guard record, statements of witness, medical records and corroborates them with the subjects psychological rise findings and other procedure (such as ANS and DNS ground procedures) to prep be a forensic profile.The definition of compose is Profiling is a method of identifying the culprit of a horror found on an abstract of the nature of the plague and the manner in which it was committed. Various aspects of the nefariouss reputation makeup argon immovable from his or her choice of actions before, during, and later on the hatred. This randomness is combined wi th other relevant dilates and physical express, and indeed comp atomic number 18d with the characteristics of known personality pillow slips and genial abnormalities to develop a practical acidulateing description of the offender.-FBIs Howard Teten (who has been called the grandfather of compose)It provides specific information virtually the offender to the register position regarding the villainy and his involvement in the offence. In early days although pen was through in eggly with the violation of different test and techniques, indite has be rally more scientific and precise.Profiling goes back in history to the middle ages, and Scotland evidence took it a tonus further, while Sherlock Holmes character made it even more popular, then there is the CSI series of late filling the rest of the empty cup of the thirsty TV shows viewers.Freudian theory of inditeFreuds psychoanalysis has express on the humans basic instinct sex and aggression and how does it crook a n individuals mental state. Freud has as well as doctrine faulty upbringing of the child leads to mental illness / neurotic personality. Research studies says that the children who have unhealthy childhood are more prone to crime. Dr. Thomas Bond, a police surgeon was invited by the investigating agencies to study the sideslip of the killer,Jack- The Ripper, who had claimed to kill five prostitutes in Whitechapel, capital of the wholeed Kingdom 1888. He applied the Freudian principles to the apt(p) fact. Based on the confine information and evidence, Thomas Bond believed that the offender essential be of physical strength, great coolness and daring. The offender was a middle aged, inoffensive and secretiveness man. He must be neatly and respectably dressed. The offender must be in habit of wearing cloak or topcoat or he could hardly have escaped nonice in the streets if the blood on his hands or clothes are visible. This endeavour of write made a noteworthy section in th e celestial orbit of forensic science. Thereafter, John Douglas has done 12 pages of compose of this case but it has not resulted into identification of the distressing. The profiling done by John Douglas was base on available medical cut acrosss, crime scene photographs and police investigative reports, which probably does not give the detail evidences compared to todays investigative personal manner. ( Mailonline, Sadie, white locks, 20/4/2011) This effort rigd profiling on the center acquaint of investigation.Walter Langer, an American psychoanalyst did the profiling of Hitler on the request of Gen. William J.Donovan. Walter has not personally interviewed Hitler but he had interviewed the associates of Hitler and Investigating agencies. He analysis inferred that Hitlers personality was an evidence of mixed and divided psyche. He said that the Hitler was probably a neurotic psychopath bordering on schizophrenia in to two at the authority of Strategic Services (OSS) divid ed Hitlers profiling into five general sections-How the Hitler viewed himselfHow German people viewed himHos his associates viewed himPsychoanalysis and re verbal expressionHis promising future behaviorLangers profile indicated that just aboutly Hitler leave behind commit suicide.Being Psychiatrist, Dr. James Brussel, heavily relied upon the psychoanalytical theory. Prior to this case, Dr. Brussel during his army service has cured m all patients . He was given the case wherein the hoagie was placing the series of explosive packages. Within 16 long cartridge clip he had planted bombs in main cinemas and telephone boxes. On the reason of the letter written to fiddle Edison (the electricity company in new(a) York) he profiled the offender as unmarried, foreign, self educated, in his 50s, living in Connecticut, paranoid. Based on this profiling, the police was able to arrest George Metesky in January 1957, a foreign born Roman Catholic. Late Brussel was asked to do profiling of the case of 13 sexual homicides among 1962 to 1964., to which he opined that all the 13 crimes are done by one offender. After several months Albert DeSalvo was arrested who later confessed about the crime, although it was not proved. Brussel applied his Freudian analysis on the case and he portrayed the picture of the probable culprit.The ProfileProfileBasis of profilingBomber is a mannishWith few exceptions, bombers have been always maleLetter mentioning Con EdisonThe bomber had a grudge against Con Edison and was a same(p)(p)ly a former employeeBomber was a textbook paranoid.The bomber believed that Con Edison and the public at large conspired against him.Bomber was middle-aged probably approximately 50Paranoia generally peaks around age 35 and the bomber had been quick for 16 years.Paranoids tend to perplex high standards for themselves so as not open themselves to unwanted criticism.Bomber was neat, meticulous and skilled at his work ,carefully constructed bombs, neat le ttering, careful planning of the bombs indicated his neatnessForeign or spend the majority of his time with foreign peopleBomber wrote in stilted, stately language bereft of any contemporary slang. He utilized phrases like dastardly deeds that sounded as if out of Victorian fictionThe bomber had at least a high school education but probably no college.The stilted language of the letters and skilled braid of the bombs spoke of self-education. The excellent handwriting indicated at least some(prenominal) formal schooling.The bomber was a Slav and probably Roman Catholicculturally speaking, Eastern and Central Europeans most often employ bombs as weapons. roughly Slavs are Catholic.The bomber lived in ConnecticutThe letters had been mailed from Westchester state of matter (a location in between Connecticut and New York) and Connecticut was denture to large communities of Eastern and Central Europeans.The bomber suffered from an Oedipal ComplexThe phallic construction of the bomb s the st celestial orbit (and breast-like) Ws in the bombers otherwise perfect handwriting and the strange cut down and penetration of the movie theatres seats.IP ( Interpersonal) Approach to ProfilingProf. David lope, psychologist, London, UK was invited by Scotland Yard to cream the case of Railway Rapist. According to David Canter, the offender was of late twenties, nice stature, reserved, married but no children and lives in the small down of north-west London, which matched. Based on his profiling, the police was able to nab John Duffy in 1988. He was found guilty.Although David has observed that the investigating agencies are often averse to change and opt for newer techniques to catch the criminals. He has extensively used IP methodology for profiling. According to him, psychology has a direct kindred with crime, as it is perceived as interpersonal transaction between the criminals action, social context and personality trait. He has postulated five approaches for pro filing.Interpersonal CoherenceA criminal chooses his dupe based on his special characteristics. For eg there is some anecdotical evidence that serial killers only attack those of the same ethnicity as themselves in United states (Canter, 1989). The profiler will be able to establish the relationship between the victim and the offender and the probable conversation at the time of the crime. consequence of time and indicateThe offender generally picks up the victim from the place which is more familiar to him. He would possibly select the victim from his near location as he will feel completely in control of the environment and the victim.Criminal CharacteristicsBy observing and analysing the crime scene, the offender will be able to give the picture about the characteristics of the offender namely, his physical qualities,his appearance, his apparel, mental make up, mood and psychopathology, if any. Douglas Olshaker (1995) have stated that We set about to organise and classify seri ous crimes by their behavioral characteristics and rationalise them like mentioned in Diagnostic Statistical Manual (DSM) of Psychiatry. The serial offenders will tend to operate within an force field where they feel comfortable (e.g., close down to their own homes) and has many similarities to the independently developed field of geographicalprofiling (Holmes Holmes, 1996).Criminal CareerThe offender although cautious of his move in the neighboring crime, his particular style of cleansing will not be different. The quirk of committing the crime will vary from offender although not always the emblem of crime. Although he might do more refined crime but his methodology of crime will not have bigger change. His style of killing will help in trapping the offender.Forensic knowingnessOften the serial killer is aware of clearing the evidence from the place of the offence. The raper is much likely to clean the undergarments of the victim or force her to comb her pubic hair so t hat the evidence is not available. This casing of mistreats clearly gives an indication of the offender being aware of the police/ forensic investigation.Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal snatch Program)Robert Ressler served in US Army and thereafter conjugated FBI, Behavioural Science Unit (BSU) in 1970 and retired in 1990. In his span of twenty years he has given his significant contribution in psychological profiling of violent offenders. He has drawn the psychological profiles of violent offenders who typically select victims at random, such as rapist and serial killer. He has interviewed 36 serial killers to study the background and agent of serial killer.He has set up Vi-CAP (Violent Criminal Apprehension Program) which collects the info base of the suspects of unsolved crimes. He has written books on Serial arrive at like I have lived in the Monster Inside the mind of the worlds most notorious serial killer, Crime Classification Manual A Standard System for Investigating and Cl assifying Violent Crime,. He has done psychological profiling of Jeffery Dahmer and Richard Chase.Robert Ressler et.al (1988) has given six steps for profilingProfiling InputsThe physical documents like investigation documents, crime scene details, photographs, autopsy report, post mortem report are studied as a part of the first step toward profiling. These are the basic and preliminary requirements to sketch the criminal.Decision Process poseIn this stage, the offenders intention, motive, risk factor of the victim/ offender is assessed and evaluated. The offender has done planning or it is just a spree killing. How much time the offender has taken to commit the crime as closely as the offenders plectrum for committing a crime says a lot about the criminal. The analysis will also give the suggestion whether the crime was homicide or not.Profiling processThis is the heart of the profiling. The profiler steps into the shoes of the victim as well as the offender and thereby recons tructs the crime scene. It determines whether the crime was an organised or disorganised. By reconstructing, the overall impression about the crime i.e how did the offender behaved, what could have happened between the victim and offender, how the victim was selected and so on. Common characteristics like type of wound, position of the body observed at the crime scene helps in determining the type of offenderCriminal ProfileDepending upon the inputs available , the profiler based on his pay off and knowledge constructs the profile. Profiler will include the general appearance, probable age, gender, religion, interpersonal history, his relation with the victim, socio-economic background, educational and occupational history, his motive behind selection of the victim and his reason for the M.O used for the crime. The profiler also proposes the strategies to catch the offender and also the interrogation methods.InvestigationBased on the submission of the profile given, the investigati ng agency starts to look out for the criminal. In due course of investigation, if officer finds more information, he forwards to the profiler for a more relevant data. The profiling is said to be successful only when the criminal is caught and confesses about the crime.ApprehensionWhen the criminal is caught is the profile and profiling process are evaluated so that a more acumen profile in other crimes.John Douglas worked in FBI from 1970 to 1995. He started his career as sniper and then became security negotiator. He taught hostage negotiation and applied criminal psychology at FBI academy. He has extensively worked with the most notable violent criminals and sex offenders. His skill was to examine their habits and thereby predict their moves. He has been instrumental in identifying famously known The yard Killer. He gave some of the most interesting insight about the motive, mind and operation of the killer. He has done high profile cases like reference of Jon Bonet, Ramsay mu rder, The West Mermphis three. He has Mindhunter Inside the FBIs Elite Serial Crime Unit and more..Roy Hazelwood is the pioneer in profiling of sexual predators. He joined FBI in 1971. He has done lot of sex crime cases connect to sexual sadist, their victims and their mode of offence. According to his theory, there is no cure for paedophilia or sexual sadist. Presently, he is consultant to FBI agents and law enforcement agencies to trap the sexually oriented murderers. He felt fantasy is a fascinating world which is extremely relevant and gives better understanding about offender.His first case Harvay Glatman the Lonely Heart Killer inspired him to work in the area of profiling. Thereafter, he was worked on Gerard John Screefar who was knotted in autoerotic practices and had done 29 murders.In 1980, Roy and John Douglas wrote an article which distinguished crime in two broad categories i.e Organised and Disorganised crime.CSA (Crime image Approach)Earlier FBI was the agency who has used psychological profiling in investigation and has gained popularity. The renowned profiler like John Douglas and Robert Ressesler also wrote several books on profiling and their professional experience in the field of investigation.According to Holmes Holmes (1996) provided Crime Scene Approach (CSA) which was in general based on crime scene and crime. IT focused more on the physical evidence available at the place of the offence and its relation to the crime. The two types of offenders involved in the crime areThe disorganised antisocial offenderThe organised Nonsocial offenderThe Disorganised offenderThe disorganise offender is depicted as someone who is below average intelligence, manifesting some kind of psychiatric illness, not having the capacity to maintain interpersonal relationship apart from his immediate family members, sexually incompetent. He would act more willing and usually act with whatever available weapon and thereby pass along it at the crime sce ne.He will be more commanding with the victim. He overpowers victim is killed with brutality (FBI, blitz attack, Douglas Olshaker, 1995) The offender dehumanize the victim and sexually assaulted, mutilatied the face, genitals and breast is commonly observed. The dead body is left at the crime scene rather than disposing anywhere else. (Holmes Holmes 1996, Ressler, Burgess Douglas 1988, Ressler Shachtman, 1992) turn the organized offender although well educated but is under winner and failure in occupational life. He is socially well settled, will probably have family life but oftenly manifest antsocial or psychopathic personality. The crime scene will depict the energy to depict the ability to organize and execute the plan. The offender often has his own weapon and carries with him after committing the crime.The victim targeted is mostly female who is raped by threat/restraints. The killing performance is done as per the offenders fantasies, usually in slow, painful manner. T he body of the victim is carefully disposed off.Inductive and deductive Profiling brant Turvey has done his grauduation in Forensic psychology and has given his contribution in the area of forensic science, criminal profiling, victimology and crime reconstruction. He is a approach qualified profiler. He has given the theory of Inductive and Deductive profiling and Behavioural Evidence AnalysisInductive ProfilingIt assesses and evaluates the similar characteristics of the crime committed by different criminal. It studies the common personality trait of the criminals involved in a similar kind of crime. The inductive profiling is based on the theoretical and experiemental study of the criminal behavior. It identifies the signs and symptoms of criminal behavior and puts in concert as a comprehensive profile. The inductive profile is the product of statistical or comparative analysis and results in education generalization, hence the use of the term of inductive.( Criminal profiling An introduction to Behaviural Evidence Analysis, brent Turvey,2006, pg 26). The characteristics of the criminal is reasoned, correlated and thereby statistical inferred. The profile focus on the psychological trait, the modus operandi, victimology and other crime scene characteristics which an evenly seen in the crime. The inductive profiling does not need specialized forensic knowledge, education or schooling in the study of criminal behavior.Thus profiling is based upon the information delved from past history, media and sometimes from the criminals. It does need the formal knowledge of psychology, sociology, criminology and psychiatry. Inductive profiling is effective only and only when there is some similarities between the crime.Deductive ProfilingThe knowledge and application of psychology, sociology, criminology and psychiatry plays a vital utilisation in deductive profiling. The profiler has to construct the mental picture based on the crime scene and the available physical evidence, as physical evidence also sometimes the gives the clue for non-physical evidence. (love, hate, jealousy..) The deductive profiling is process oriented wherein the investigator will review the crime scene, analytical thinking and logistics to come to behavior analysis evidence. (BEA)More emphasis is given on the study and analysis of post mortem report, forensic report and victomology. This profiling is time consume because it has to look at the various factors in one particular crime and thereby give profile of a criminal and the mentality/ psycho pathology of the unknown killer. It analysis the behavior manifested at the time of the crime, the physical and behavioural evidence pattern related to the crime.Compared to inductive, deductive profiling is time consuming as it evaluates the unknown criminal from different angles, although the combination of inductive and deductive profiling will give an accurate profile of the criminal. The deductive criminal profile include s the following .( Criminal profiling An introduction to Behaviural Evidence Analysis, Brent Turvey,2006, pg 41).Behavioural Evidence Analysis (BEA)Equivocal Forensic AnalysisIt includes detail understanding of crime scene, post-mortem report, interview with accused/witness/ victim/suspects and other related in the crime, and the background of the victimVictomologyIt studies as to why a particular victim is chosen for the crime, how was he related to the crime and when did the crime happened. A lot of it depend upon the selection of victim by the offender.Crimes Scene characteristics The scene of offence implies about the relation between the offender and the victim. It gives the clue whether any interaction took place, what were the circumstances under which the crime has occurredOffender CharacteristicsWhat was the personality of the offender. It determines the offenddrss physical characteristics and marital status at the time of committing a crime. It helps in deciding the perso nality traits like physical built-up.geographic ProfilingThis technique is given by Criminologist Kim Rossno, which evaluates the location of connected serial crimes to determine the most probable area of offenders residence. It is most effective when a series of crime is committed. It determines the most likely location of a criminals residence based upon the geographic location of crime sites by mapping crime and analyzing patterns at crime scene. Geographical profiling is generally useful in the serial crimes (Murder, rape, arson, bombing), marauding crime (child abduction, sexual homicide) and Multiple location crimes (credit card usage, decorousty crimes)Geographical profiling is based on RAT (Routine Activity Theory) which studies what makes criminal propel to do a crime at a particular place. It addresses the geographical importance at the time of committing a crime. RAT is based upon three components 1) Motivated offender 2) Suitable victim and 3) the absence of capable g uardian. Canter (2003) used Dragnet a computerized system which gives the probability of the location of crime where the criminal is likely to commit the crime. Canter and Larkin (1993) gave circle theory of enviornmetal range which states that the criminals are likely to live in the vicinity of the victim as the victim is easily and quickly approachable. A circle is drawn that encompasses all the linked crime which will establish the criminals location. Rossomo (2000) suggested that the criminals are often in the neighborhood of the victim. According to a study (2005) Snook et al, in 63% of the cases the killer lived within the radius of 6 miles from the place of offence. It further found that the boyish offenders tend to travel less while the people with higher I.Qs travelled farther.LimitationProfiling although an impressive investigative tool has not resulted any criminal in an actual arrest (V. Gerberth, personal communication, Feb 6, 1995) It does not solve the crime but it p rovides better understanding of the case. Profiling requires understanding of human behavior, background of extensive criminal investigative experience together with proper academic and forensic training. It is important to know that not all the crimes are suitable for profiling. Crimes which needs psychological, social, cultural and psychopathological assessment are captivate for profiling viz. serial killer, serial rapist, serial arsons, child harassment (Hazelwood Burgess, 1995) Cases involving destruction of property, assault/ murder during the robbery are generally not suitable for profiling. Drug induced crime does not reveal the veritable personality of the criminal, hence the profiling is not suitable.ConclusionThough profiling is considered as an futile tool for drawing conclusions, it has been used in every field. It is an effort to evaluate and understand the human behavior on different occasions and in given situations. When we review the literature on profiling, the ineffective tool of profiling has been used time and again all over the world in different situations and efforts are made to draw conclusions. everywhere a period of time, it has evolved as an art when blend with scientific principles can prove to be an effective tool for investigating and understanding human behavior on different occasions. Here the author has made an search to review the literature with reference to crime investigation.AcknowledgmentsWe are grateful for the take for and guidance of Dr.J.M.Vyas, Director General, Gujarat Forensic Sciences University, Gandhinagar .

The Last Samurai :: essays research papers

The Last Samurai-Scene 11 - 17The scene started off with a man by the wee of Capt. Nathan Algren (Tom Cruise) laying on a floor wearing dirty garments and holler out the name of a man that he had just killed for state of ward his capture. The police chief was captured during a fight between the Americans and the Japanese, but instead of cleaning the American, the Samurai leader Katsumoto (Ken Wantanobe) wanted him alive so that he could learn from his confrontations trends. The Captain was staying in Katsumotos ex brother-in-laws shack with the instantaneously widowed newfangled lady and her children. The lady was very un-accepting of the war hero at first, because he was the man who killed her husband, but as the horizontal surface grew, she, along with the rest of her Buddhist tribe grew to like the American. As the American got stronger and was given more rights by their tribe, he started to learn the art of Japanese language and symbolism. While he was learning the se mantics of another culture, I detect that he had completely forgotten his counsels as an American pass and instead, took on the way of the Samurai. As the ways of the Samurai embodied him, he grew emotionally and spiritually enough to the point of complete change of being. He was now willing to fight for the Samurais, and although they did not have all the weapons that the Americans possessed, they did have lots more structure of discipline and self control. The clip ends with the American apologizing to the young lady for the slaying of her husband. She accepts, and then tells him in Japanese that they ware from each one doing their duty, and that it was only karma that took her husband. I would have to say that it was the semantics of this Japanese culture that he was learning that intrigued me the most about this film. That is why I chose to tie in the concept of semantics with this movie clip, because its definition is very culturally-bound in a way that combines the study o f words and meaning with the ways of the Japanese.Semantics ties into this scene from its beginning when the Captain first gets a glance of how these natives speak, all the way though to the ways that they write and prepare for war. The Japanese had a very different way of structuring words than the American had ever seen, but as he started to cod part in their teachings, the Captain started to be able to write and yet speak in their native language.

Christians and the Environment Essay -- Environment

The lyrics of Michael Jacksons Earth Song be sobering. Those who have seen the video of the song probably remember how vividly he passionately sang, What have we done to the world? Look what weve done. While apprehension the risks involved, human beings seem to care little about the environment. Every mean solar day that passes seems to leave the world with more to be concerned with, the ever-increasing pollution, the deforestation, and the threat of thermonuclear waste. Taking responsibility for the environment is a duty that Christians should commit to. In fact, Christians should lead the world in taking specific actions in the delivery and restoration of the environment.Some environmentalists have blamed Christianity for the abuse of the environment. The 1967 article by Lynn White suggests that Christianitys theology of the domination of creation is based on the premise that God created everything that exists for the humankinds use and should be exploit for that purpose. B y this, White alleged that Christians do no(prenominal) feel the certificate of indebtedness to take care of the nature, because it was created to serve them. While it may not be entirely true, many Christians do not object to this accusation. They realize that all their faith has been minimalist in its approach to environmental involvement, or it has entirely disregarded environmental issues as irrelevant to the fundamentals of the faith. The Christian church however has realized, in recent times, its responsibility and stewardship of the earth. Allan Effa agrees, the Christian community is reexamining almost of its theological assumptions and filling in some gaping blind spots in its understanding of the missio Dei (Gods purpose). Thus with a changing attitude, Christians are... ... Universe. http//www.azlyrics.com/lyrics/michaeljackson/earthsong.html (accessed may 8, 2012).Santa Clara University The Common Good vs Individualism. Santa Clara University - Welcome. http//ww w.scu.edu/ethics/publications/iie/v5n1/common.html (accessed May 8, 2012).Radford Ruether, Rosemary, Ecology and Theology Ecojustice at the Center of the Churchs Mission, Interpretation A Journal Of Bible & Theology 65, no. 4 (October 2011), 354-363. Academic Search Complete, EBSCOhost (accessed May 7, 2012). Feuerbach, Ludwig and George Eliote. The Essence of Christianity. New YorkCalvin Blanchad, 1855) Google Books, http//books.google.com/books?id=Lsvo-mgtuc0C (accessed May, 7 2012), 361.Effa, Allan. The Greening of Mission. International Bulletin Of Missionary Research 32, no. 4 (October 2008) 171. MasterFILE Premier, EBSCOhost (accessed May 7, 2012).

feminaw Seeking a New Identity for Women in The Awakening Essay

Seeking a virgin Identity for Women inThe wakening In The Awakening, Chopin questions gender roles. Chopin seeks an identity for women that is neither wife nor mother. To achieve this end, she incorporates forward-looking feminist ideas into her writing. Yet, in the end, Chopin also shows that, because of years of conditioning, many women are otiose to escape societys stereotypical roles by any adequate means. The protagonist of the novel, Edna Pontellier, does not possess the skills needed to become independent and, contempt attempts to escape, succumbs finally to the doomed dream of romantic love. Chopin sets up a telephone line between Adele Ratignolle, the bygone heroine of romance (Chopin 888), and Mademoiselle Reisz, a bluestockinged recluse. Edna Pontellier falls someplace in between, but distinctly recoils with disgust from the type of life her trembler Adele leads In short, Mrs. Pontellier was not a mother-woman (888). Madame Ratignolle is described as the embodi ment of either womanly grace and charm (888) and Edna respects her for it, but without a corresponding desire to replicate her charm. To be womanly by traditional standards evidently requires the kind of self-sacrifice at which Madame Ratignolle excels, and the narrator is much less in awe of this quality than Edna. But Edna wants to be womanly in her birth way--to keep her own identity, her goals, her artistry, and to live a sexual life, liberated from the control of societal expectations. Mrs. Pontellier admires the Creoles with which she is thrown together at Lebruns, Adele among them, because they represent something which she longs to have A characteristic which distinguished them and which impressed Mrs. Pontellier most forcibly was th... ...r Seyersted. Baton key Louisiana State UP, 1969. 881-1000. Delbanco, Andrew. The Half-Life of Edna Pontellier. New Essays on The Awakening. Ed. Wendy Martin. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1988. 89-106. Gilmore, Michael T. Revolt Against genius The Problematic Modernism of The Awakening. Martin 59-84. Giorcelli, Cristina. Ednas Wisdom A Transitional and Numinous Merging. Martin 109-39. Martin, Wendy, ed. New Essays on the Awakening. Cambridge Cambridge UP, 1988. Papke, Mary E. Verging on the Abyss The Social Fiction of Kate Chopin and Edith Wharton. Westport, CT Greenwood, 1990. Seyersted, Per. Kate Chopin A Critical Biography. Baton Rouge Louisiana State UP, 1969. Showalter, Elaine. usance and the Female Talent The Awakening as a Solitary Book. Martin 33-55. Skaggs, Peggy. Kate Chopin. capital of Massachusetts Twayne, 1985.

Lord of The Flies Book Report :: Book Review

timbre PageRalphRalph is a fair boy of ab prohibited twelve. He is the inaugural character introduced in the story and is a dominant leader passim well-nigh of the book. He finds the conch, a symbol of order and authority. He blows the conch and holds an convocation in which he is voted chief. Ralph stays focused on getting carry through and building shelters while most of the others play and hunt. By the end either the boys have either turned against him or died. PiggyPiggy is a large, timid boy, with asthma and specs (eye glasses). He is Ralphs loyal sidekick from the start. His bright mind and logical thinking argon trapped inside his unattractive body. He is disrespected and rejected because of his looks, and used for his glasses, which are the lone(prenominal) means of first the fire. Piggy struggles to stay strong and clear through the madness and chaos. whoresonJack is the leader of the choir boys who become the first band of hunters. He is intent on becoming sava ge and killing pigs for meat. He neglects the fire, their only hope for rescue, and goes hunting instead. Jack rebels against Ralph and forms his own tribe at the other end of the Island. His tribe hunts all day and holds feasts and dances every night. His violent instincts tape up in murder and destruction as civilization runs out of him. SimonSimon is mysterious and spiritual. He is a small boy with incredible, silent, courage and strength. He starts out a part of Jacks choir, then becomes loyal to Ralph when he is take chief. Simon helps Ralph with the shelters and is admired by the littluns. He has a spiritual encounter with the headmaster of the Flies, which is a pigs head on a stick. This encounter is one of the most symbolic incidences in the book. The head is the beast that all the littluns fear and represents the national instincts and evils in man. SamnericIn the beginning Sam and Eric are recognized as two separate people, two twin brothers. By the end they are referr ed to as Samneric, a single being. They were loyal to Ralph in the beginning and passim most of the book. Towards the end they are captured by Jacks tribe and join in on a hunt for Ralph. They are weak and easily swayed by forceful power.PlotThe book opens with the description of a beautiful island with criticise rocks, warm pools, and a long, palm lined, beach protected by a coral reef.