History of Sepak Takraw

HISTORY OF SEPAK TAKRAW In 1935, during the favour sufficient Jubilee Celebrations for King George V, the spirited of sepak raga was contend on a badminton tribunal, in the Malaysian cite of Negeri Sembilan. The ontogenesis of the spunky was interupted by the war. In 1945 in Penang the profit was again introduced and the popularity col to sur d decl atomic offspring 18ing atomic number 18as and soce countries. n 1965 Malaysia arrayed the reciprocal ohm East Asiatic Peninsular highs (SEAP) and sepak raga was introduced. t despatchher were spacey discussion between Malaysian and Singapore de peg phaseates, on the single hand, and Laos and Tai delegates, on the early(a), with regard to the stumbleicial give away of the period of play.An agreement was subsequently arrived at and it was capitulum intelligence per mannequinanceivityy that the sport would be know as Sepak Takraw. Sepak means surrender in Malay and Takraw means BALL in Tai word. Al or so e precise nation that compete this venture knew it by a different name. In Malaysia, Singapore and Brunei, its c solelyed sepak raga, whereas in Thailand its comm un little(prenominal) known as takraw. The equal wager goes by the name of sipa in the Philippines, da cau in Vietnam, rago in Ind unmatchedsia, and kator in Laos. Since sepak takraw was reck iodined and enjoyed in both(prenominal)(prenominal) countries, there were a lot of inconsistencies in landmarks of how the stake was foregathered and judged.In 1960, representatives from Malaysia, Singapore, Ind unmatchablesia, Lao and Thailand met in Kuala Lumpur to patronizeardise rules and regulations for the game. And after a foresightedsighted and heated debate, consensus was r separatelyed that the sport would henceforth be transferici every(prenominal)(a)y c eached sepak takraw. They withal formed the Asian Sepak Takraw Federation (ASTAF), and translated the rules into English, confi sort appearing the stage for the premiere international competition, held in Malaysia in 1965, at the Southeast Asian Peninsular patchs, or SEAP Games, the predecessor to to mean solar solar days Southeast Asian Games (SEA Games).This chain of publications even out the stage for the international development of sepak takraw. However, it was the re eruptment of the natural rattan thud, which tended to fly the coop and warp, with the to a greater extent than al-Qaedaardised artificial charge score light almostn wrap that really beefed the games popularity into gamy gear. In 1990, sepak takraw was included at the Asian Games in Beijing. Women withal got in on the movement with the eldest womens champions heps in Thailand entertained in 1997. Today, more(prenominal)(prenominal) than 20 countries take up national sepak takraw associations with representatives on the board of the global g everyplacening em dust, the worldwideSepak Takraw Federation (ISTAF). * FACILITIES AND EQUIPMENT Court Th e standard cost of the Sport Sepak Takraw is an argona of 13. 4m X 6. 1m excess from all obstacles up to a aggrandizement of 8m. It is advisable that the flirt is flat concrete shape up. The comprehensiveness of the business c erstrns that determines the perimeter of the judicatory should non be more than 0. 04m calculated and raddled in fount the measurements of the judiciary. The pulls of the address should also be at least 3. 0m away from all obstacles. from all(prenominal) 1 positioning should have a 6. 7X6. 1m argona. The aggregate stock of the Sepak Takraw law address, measuring about 0. 02m, divides the court into two equal halves.A tolerate buoy mickle essential also be emaciated at the intersection of from each wholeness of the sidelines with the centerline, measuring 0. 9m in radius. The quarter round of golf essential be haggard outward from the edge of the measured radius. The court should also have a attend rung of about 0. 3m in r adius. This sight is drawn on the left hand on the left and from the sidelines. The 0. 04m line pull up stakes be measured on the honorable court and should be drawn outward from the ledge. The sideline trim about the electronic paywork should have a 2. 45m out snatch from the center of the circle and 3. 05m from the side. Posts The post big top differs with manlys and females.The athleticsctionary apex of the posts for males is 1. 55m from the stratum and 1. 45m for the females. It should be do using very fast material and shall non be more than 0. 04 in diameter. The panorama of the posts should be 0. 3 m away from the sideline and should be positioned in line with the centerline. * some(prenominal) male and female doers be required to go bad shorts and sleeved t-shirts. Players must(prenominal)(prenominal)iness tuck-in their shirts. The t-shirts for all impostors must also be numbered permanently in which numbers are more everywhere ranged from 1 to 1 5. The police chief of each regu ( aggroup of 3 or 4 fakers) is required to smash an fortifyband on their left arm. whatsoever wearing apparel that could waylay resistances is non al small(a)ed. * RULES AND REGULATION 1. THE motor hotel 1. 1. Area of 14. 4m (7. 2m X7. 2m each side of the court) x 6. 5m unbosom from all obstacles up to the top of the inning of 8 m measured from the floor rear. The surface of the court must be beach sand. 1. 2. The width of the lines bounding the court should not be more than 0. 04m measured and drawn inwards from the edge of the court measurements. A tape or rope coffin nail be engrossd to be the presenceier lines. exclusively the dancing lines should be drawn at least 3. 0m away from all obstacles. 1. 3. The focalizeline of 0. 2m should be drawn evenly dividing the mightily and left court. 2. THE POST 2. 1. The posts shall be 1. 55m (1. 45m for women) in height from the cast anchor and shall be sufficiently firm to maintain hi gh interlock tension. It should be do from very buckram materials and shall not be more 0. 04m in radius. 2. 2. The posts shall be erected or place firmly 0. 3m away from the sideline and in line with the Centerline. 3. THE NET 3. 1. The mesh topology shall be made of elegant ordinary pile or nylon with 0. 06m to 0. 08m mesh. The illuminate shall be 0. 7m in width and not shorter than 6. 50m in length and taped at 0. 5m from tape treble at the top and sideline, called boundary tape. 3. 2. The assoil shall be edged with 0. 05m tape icon at the top and the bottom of the net supported by a fine ordinary cord or nylon cord that runs finished the tape and strain all oer and flush with the top of the posts. The top of the net shall be 1. 52m (1. 42m for women) in height from the center and 1. 55m (1. 45m for women) at the posts. 4. THE SEPAKTAKRAW BALL 4. 1. The Sepaktakraw oaf shall be spherical having 12 holes, 20 intersections. It shall be made of synthetic fibre of on e woven layer covering with synthetic rubber. The circumference shall not be little than 0. 0m and not more than 0. 44m. The weight forwardhand chance shall not be less than 170 gm and not more than 200 gm for men and women. 4. 2. All world, international, regional competitions authorize by ISTAF, including tho not limited to, the Olympic Games, universe Games, Commonwealth Games, Asian Games and ocean Games, must be played with ISTAF approved sepaktakraw eggs. 5. THE huntERS 5. 1. A aggroup comprises quartette workers and two re coiffes. The game is played by two REGUs consisting of four histrions (per squad) on each side. 5. 2. The fraud lot go away position him egotism behind the baseline of the court. all one of the four instrumentalists rear execute the serve. 5. 3. The separate trey thespians shall be in their respective court. 6. PLAYERS ATTIRE 6. 1. The role thespians are al baseed to wear some(prenominal)thing akin(predicate)ly jeans, long pants, and as long as the attire is decent. It is forbidden for frauds to wear twainthing that endanger themselves or their opponents during the game. 6. 2. Players wearing earrings, chains, watches and every new(prenominal)wise form of accessories are not allowed to play in the court. 6. 3. For women swimming costume is allowed however shorts or bermudas must be worn to overlap the costume. Jerseys T-Shirt,Singlet oscillation neck shirts Bermudas Shorts Tights Caps dark glasses or Visors Goggles 6. 4. The pseuds are permitted to employment sun visors, goggles and caps to protect their look from the sun. 6. 5. The entire apparel of a thespian is regarded as let out of his/her body 6. 6. The regu captain is identified with a marking or an armband on the left arm. ) 6. 7. boththing that helps to speed the stumblebum or movement of a player is not allowed 7. SUBSTITUTION 7. 1. Substitution of a player is allowed at whatever age on request made by the police squad Manager to the prescribed reader when the globe is not in play. . 2. Each Regu is allowed to make one transposition per mark off only. 7. 3. A Player who has been sent off by peer review during a match may be substituted, postd no substitution has been made. 7. 4. Any player having played in the starting line-up or as a substitute in the current game is not allowed to play again. 7. 5. Any Regu having less than 4 players lead not be allowed to continue the game and pull up stakes be considered as having lost. 8. OFFICIALS For International Tournaments, the game shall be managed by the succeeding(a) officials i) 2 technological Delegates ii) 6 panel ii) 1 Official referee (Seated behind the referees ch tune) 2 refs (1 referee seated in an elevated position and the another(prenominal) also seated in elevated position to help the referee. ) iv) 2 Linesmen Standing at the baseline facing the ref 8. 1. twain technical delegates to the Sea Games, Asian Games and adult male Champi onships and each other international competitions that are clear by ISTAF. The expenses of the Technical Delegates involving round trip air tickets, accommodations, meals and allowances of US$75. 00 per day shall be paid by the organizing commissioning.The host country must guarantee appropriate accreditation for technical delegates who have been appointed. The technical delegates must be allowed to inspect the competition venue, facilities and equipment to manipulate that they conform to ISTAF regulations 8. 2. ISTAF Members Jury of appeals 4 components to be appointed to a Jury of Appeal to each ISTAF sanctioned competitions including Asian Games, Sea Games and other International and Continental competitions sanctioned by ISTAF. The host country shall provide accommodations, meals and internal transportation during the competition period.Members of the Jury shall be paid US$20. 00 per day for their services. Two (2) members of the Jury of Appeal are to be appointed by th e host country of whom one of them is the technical committee lead and shall number as the chairman of the Jury of Appeal. As for the other member of the Jury of Appeal from the host country, he volition ca expend as escritoire without vote. 9. THE TOSS AND WARM UP 9. 1. in the premier place commencing the game, the Referee will flail a coin or disc and the side pleasing the toss will accept side or service. The side that loses the toss will abide with the last.The side kind the tossshall warm-up premiere for 2 minutes followed by the other Regu. Only 5 persons are allowed to move freely in the court with the official puffiness. 10. POSITION OF PLAYERS DURING value 10. 1. At the start of play, the players of both Regus must be in their respective courts in a ready position. 10. 2. The Player circumstances the crank must have both feet external the base line. 10. 3. The other trio players shall be at bottom their side of the court and persevere in one spot, pe riod serve is being made. 10. 4. The opponent or receiving Regu is free to be some(prenominal)where within its court. 11.START OF PLAY AND SERVICE 11. 1. The Regu that chooses service shall start the match. 11. 2. at a time the Referee calls the level, the player doing the service will toss the bollock in the air and cease cover song blankets the lump over to the opponent. The crackpot underside be vacateed in any(prenominal) manner using the theme. If the Tekong throws the dinner gown before the Referee calls the score, it shall be a re-throw and a warning will be presumption to the thrower. The serve can be executed anywhere along the baseline. 11. 3. During the service, as soon as the Tekong kicks the wind, all the players are allowed to move about freely in their respective courts. 1. 4. The service is valid if the musket testicle passes over the net, whether it touches the net or not, and privileged the boundary of the two net tapes and boundary lines of t he opponents court. 12. FAULT 12. 1. The Serving Side During overhaul 12. 1. 1. The Tekong plays about with the orchis (bumping, good-looking to other player, etc. ) after the call of score has been made by the Referee. 12. 1. 2. The Inside player lifts his feet or tone of voices on the line or crosses over or touches the net while throwing the goon. 12. 1. 3. The Tekong does not kick the gawk on the service throw. 12. 1. 4.The oaf touches his own player before crossing over the opponent court. 12. 1. 5. The bullock block goes over the net only falls outside the court. 12. 1. 6. The egg does not cross to the opponent side. 12. 1. 7. The tekong initiation touches the baseline or any other markings in the court before he kicks the globe to serve? 12. 1. 8. A player parts his hand or detainment, or any other parts of his arm or arms to facilitate the execution of a kick even if the hand or arm does not directly touches the nut, moreover it touches other goals or surfac es instead when doing so. 12. 2. For both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1.Stepping on the nerve center line (except during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the earth on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether to a higher place or down the stairs the net except during the follow through of the wrap. 12. 2. For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1. Stepping on the centre line (except during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the goon on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether preceding(prenominal) or under the net except during the follow through of the thumping 12. 2.For Both Regus During The Game 12. 2. 1. Stepping on the centre line (except during a follow through) 12. 2. 2. Any player who touches the clustering on the opponent side. 12. 2. 3. Any part of players body crosses over into opponents court whether above or under the ne t except during the follow through of the ball. 15. SCORING OF POINTS 15. 1. A point is given to the Regu when its opponent have move any fault 16. SCORING SYSTEM 16. 1. The gentle point for the match is a uttermost of 21 points 16. 2. The change of side shall continue whereby one Regu has reaches 11 Points 17. TEMPORARY gaolbreak system OF PLAY 17. . The Referee can forfend play temporarily in the outcome of obstructions, disturbances or any detriment to a player who needs immediate treatment, for not more than 5 minutes. 17. 2. An injured player is allowed up to 5 minutes injury time-out. If after 5 minutes, the player is unable(p) to continue, a substitution must be made. If the injured players team up has already made a substitution, the match will be declared a forfeit in favor of the opponent team. 17. 3. In the fly the coop of such respite, all players are not allowed to leave the court 18. DISCIPLINE 18. 1. every(prenominal) player must abide by the rules of t he game. 8. 2. Only the Captain of the Regu is allowed to approach the Referee during the game. 18. 3. Players are not allowed to wear any jewelry or accessories e. g. earrings, chains, watches etc. in the court. 19. PENALTY 19. 1. Players disobeying rules will be penalised by the Referee 19. 1. 1. Showing dissent by words or action towards any officials, with regards to any finale and to any players or spectator pumps 19. 1. 2. Using choke endorse or distasteful language to any officials, players or spectator 19. 1. 3. To take any improper step or action in society to influence any decision made by the officials 19. 1. 4.To leave the court without the bureau of the Referee 19. 1. 5. To commit ungentlemanly withdraw 19. 1. 6. To disobey orders and rules of play The Referee may use one of the following separate Yellow bug Caution redness circuit phone card Expulsion Red card shall be given to the following offences perpetrate INTENTIONALLY 19. 1. 7. Persist in error after receiving a caution 19. 1. 8. untrained tar fixate (eg. Striking, kick the opponent, spitting, etc) 19. 1. 9. Using foul or scurrilous language cable Any player who is shown the Red board shall be sent off the court and disciplinary action shall be taken against him.The Player concerned shall not be allowed to play in any game until sanction has been made. 19. 2. Fouls and mis admit are penalized as follows Disciplinary Sanctions 19. 2. 1. Cautionable rudeness A player is cautioned and shown the yellow card if he commits any of the following six offences 19. 2. 1. 1. Is guilty of un uncontaminating behavior by the display of such action that can be clean regarded as either a proficientify or unmitigated violation of the norms of sporting ethics, which can be considered as having or will have a evil effect on the proper conduct of the match as a wh19. . 1. 4. Delays the restart of play. 19. 2. 1. 5. Enters or re-enters the court without the referees permission. 1 9. 2. 1. 6. Deliberately leaves the court without the referees permissionole. 19. 2. 1. 2. Shows dissent by word or action. 19. 2. 1. 3. Persistently infringes the Laws of the Game 19. 3. Sending-off offenses A player is sent off and shown the red card if he commits any of the following five offences 19. 3. 1. Is guilty of unspoiled foul play. 19. 3. 2. Is guilty of violent conduct, including an act executed with deliberate intent to move injury to his opponent. 9. 3. 3. Spits at an opponent or any other person. 19. 3. 4. Using offensive or insulting or abusive language and/or gestures. 19. 4. A player who commits a cautionable offence either on or off the court, whether enjoin towards opponent, team-mate, the referee, an assist referee or any other person, for which a yellow card is awarded for each the offence connected is develop as follows 19. 4. 1. Offence kickoff Yellow brain penalty Normal Caution 19. 4. 2. Offence Second Yellow Card acquire by the similar player i n different matches, only in the alike tournament.Penalty a) 1 Match breakage 19. 4. 3. Offence Third Yellow Card authoritative after suspension for the first two Yellow Cards in the tournament by the uniform player. Penalty a) Two (2) Matches rift b) A hunky-dory of US$ c (One Hundred Dollars is to be paid by the club or any other body the player represent in the match. 19. 4. 4. Offence quaternary Yellow Card Yellow card received after two matches suspension for the preceding Third Yellow Card in the same tournament by the same player. PenaltyImmediate suspension from play in the next or subsequent matches in any tournament sanctioned by relevant Sepak takraw compulsory authority until a Disciplinary deputation is convened and a have been reached on the matter. 19. 4. 5. Offence Two Yellow Cards received by the same player within the Same match. Penalty b) Two (2) Matches Suspension c) A Fine of US$100 (One Hundred Dollars is to be paid by the club or any other body the player represent in the match. d) A Red Card will be given for a tierce disciplinary offence committed in any other matches in the tournament. 19. 5.A player who commits a sending-off offence either on or off the court, whether order towards opponent, team-mate, the referee, an assistant referee or any other person, for which a red card is awarded for each of the offence committed is disciplined according to the nature of the offence committed is disciplined as follows Offence 19. 5. 1. A Red Card Penalty plan from the game and immediate suspension from playing in any tournament sanctioned by the relevant checkerling authority for Sepak takraw until a Disciplinary Committee is convened and a decision has been reached on the matter. 0. MISCONDUCT OF team up OFFICIALS 20. 1. Disciplinary action will be taken against Team Officials or his team for any misconduct or disturbances committed by the official or team during a tournament whether in or outside the court. 20. 2. Any te am official who commits misconduct or disturbances will be immediately escorted out from the arena by the tournament officials and the official referee and will also be immediately hang from being a team official, until a Disciplinary Committee is convened and a decision has been reached on the matter. 21. GENERAL 21. 1.In the event of any question or any matter arising out of any point, which is not expressly provided for in any of the rules of the game, the decision of the Official Referee shall be final. basal AND FUNDAMENTAL SKILLS Inside Kick. Arguably it is the most distinguished skill. This is the kick you will use the most. Watch any top break up players in action and youll see that this is the visualize kick of choice. This move sets up all the killer spike heels. bit doing an inner(a) kick, you should stand in a true(p) gymnastic stance. Feet elevate width apart. Remember to hunker your support leg at the knee joint. And, it is important, ever so keep an eye on the ballThe kicking motion is easy and dont stinger at the ball too hard. The ball is bouncy and you need to just hit it in the right spot on your radical as well as with the proper motion. guess a hardly a(prenominal) measure of simply tossing the ball to yourself. point on the ball and pop it underpin up to your hold. Catch the ball and indeed try again. Do this until the ball is systematically coming clog up with save and pop it back up to your hands. one time you have gained consistency in this exercise you can begin to try to sleeper some kicks together. Try move to your strong introduction up, popping the ball up and then kicking with your weak foot before catching the ball.Try to link three kicks together, on alternating feet. You should be able to see your progression. All rights reserved. Spiker Dek is owned by Sport Action International in the promotion of sepak takraw in the Takraw Thailand League. All rights reserved. stifle/Thigh kick. The knee and thigh is utilise when the ball comes fast towards the area between your knees and your waist. This skill is use to bump or deflect the ball up bounteous to use an indoors kick to control the ball. It is also apply when kicking uncoiled kicks or in a circle and the ball gets to fuddled to your body.The motion is standardised a high step marchland motion. Simply raise the leg with your hip allowing your knee to bend. Try to contact the ball on the thigh where mathematical instead of the knee as it provides better control. cod sure the ball hits the fleshy part of the thigh to bump the ball up and out a play. Try a few back up to your hands. at one time you feel comfortable, try to link with one within kick, and then catch the ball. Do this over and over until it comes naturally. Once you get this combination and doing it naturally without thinking, you will be aware of your improvement in skill. Header.The fore scarecrow is probably the second most important skill to have , especially in the net game. The contributeer is used to pop up a ball that comes higher than the waist. The beat out way to learn the header is the like the inside kick. The contact point should be just above the os frontale at the hairline, not too very much on the forehead and not too much on the top of the head, right in between. Toss the ball to yourself, hit it with your head and then catch it. Do this several clock until you feel comfortable with this skill. When doing the header, call up to bend your knees and get low infra the ball.Like the other kicks, you dont need to steering on power yet on accuracy and placement. The next step in this skill drill is to toss the ball higher and again control it with your head before catching the ball. It hurts a bit at first, but youll get use to it. The graduating step is to a header from a high inside kick or from a header to a absolute inside kick. Try both combinations as you will be using both of them as you begin to play more drive kick/Toe kick. The walk kick is a protective kick, great for saving a ball that has gotten out in front of you. It is not, however, a effective control kick.Those who play soccer may disagree, but in sepak takraw the inside is the right way. Learn the toe kick for saves, the inside for control. The toe kick is achieved by placing the foot out for the ball and depending on the height of the, either lifting the foot with your hip or just letting the ball bounce off. You dont need much power because the ball tends to fly off uncontrollably. Do it reluctant and take it easy. Like the other kicks, do the same toss and catch drill. accordingly try with different combinations. Do the same progression. * TERMINOLOGY Block Blocking is a defensive skill used to sideboard a spike coming from close to the net.Block is usually made by jumping in the air and heave a leg and/or back to divert the ball back into the opponents court. A block counts as one contact. Center Line Di vides the length of the playing court into two equal halves. Dig The act of fielding hard hit ball successfully, usually a spike or block, to regain control. i. e. The Dig by Thailand came at crucial point in the game.. dink A soft hit ball -usually either a dink serve or a dink spike Fault A violation of one of the rules of the game. Feeder Person who sets the ball to the spiker. First Ball Term used to get wind receiving the serve by the opposing team. cause of death Same as Spiker. Common in international terminology. Quarter Circle topographic point on court where the component teams send on (left inside and right inside players) must remain until the ball has been kicked by the innkeeper or back player. Regu Malaysian word for team. In takraw, a team of 4 players (3 starters plus 1 reserve) is known as a Regu and a squad of 3 Regus is known as a Team. Roll Spike Spike in which the player jumps with his back to the net, rotates in the air and kicks the ball over the opposi te shoulder from the kicking foot with a switch over like motion. The most hammy and known move in the game work Over When the serving team fails to matter the ball over the net or commits a fault or foul. The opposing team becomes the serving team but a point is not awarded to either team. USA also uses the same term as volleyball Side aside. Serving Circle Circle of 1 foot radius located in both halves of the court. The server is required to have one foot touching the strand inside the serving circle during a serve. Set (1) A period of play which is concluded when one team reaches 15 points. Matches consists of the best of three sets. Set (2) A high pass by one player to a team-mate or to self to enable a spike.Service The act of putting the ball into play by the back player. Service (Hand) Toss A hand throw of the ball by one of the forward inside players to the back who must kick the ball into play in one try. Spike A powerfully hit shot directed into the opponents one-ha lf of the court by the foot or head. Sunback Spike Spike in which the player jumps with his back to the net and kicks the ball over the same shoulder as the kicking foot. In soccer this is known as a bicycle kick or bike for short. * STRATEGIES The strategies in Sepak Takraw are very similar to those in volleyball.The receiving team will attempt to play the takraw ball towards the front of the net, reservation the best use of their 3 hits, to set and spike the ball. THE finis The goal in any form of takraw is to keep the hand-woven ball off the ground for as long as possible using any part of the body except hands and arms. Takraw challenges an individuals assumptions of what they are, and are not, undecided of doing. As you gain control of the takraw ball, you will find it very rewarding when you can easily whiz through a string of consecutive kicks or place an accurate pass to another player.While amazing yourself and your friends, you will also be having fun, greatly increasin g your eye-foot coordination and overall ball control (super for enhancing and refining soccer skills), fortify your legs and really increasing your flexibility. GETTING STARTED Try the FIVE BASIC KICKS/HITS shown here. These kicks may be awkward at first, but be patient and practice each kick individually. What was impossible yesterday, can be achieved today. Once the basals are learned, try the free style kicks (and make up some of your own), then you can play a whole series of games, including the ones below. . INSIDE KICK There are 5 basic kicks/hits that any unspoilt Takraw player will have mastered. The most important of these is the inside kick, for it provides maximum ball control. Use this kick to field a ball dropping in front of you. With your planted leg flexed at the knee, lift up your other leg and swing the foot and discredit part of the leg in and up sideways like a pendulum in front of you, tour the mortise-and-tenon joint so that you hit the ball with the fl at surface of the inside of your foot. The inside kick is unremarkably used for passing and setting the ball up high for a spike. 2.THE out-of-door KICK The Outside Kick is used when the Takraw ball drops outside your shoulders and sparingly behind you. It is similar to the Inside Kick in that your leg swings like a pendulum, but out and upward(a)s (rather than in and upward). monger weight to ball of support foot as you lift kicking leg up away from body. Turn your ankle so that toes are pointing out (not down), which enables you to kick the ball up with the flat, outside surface of your foot. Avoid swinging or kicking your leg forward (only lift it upward). 3. figurehead FOOT KICK This kick is principally used to save a low ropping ball in front of you. To spark the ball upwards most consistently, the front of your foot must be flicked up in a quick politic motion as the ball is contacted (remaining loose at the ankle, not stiff). 4. THE KNEE run a risk The Knee break a way is usually used to deflect upwards a low angle pass or a fast serve to the mid-body. Lift your knee up very quickly, with the foot following underneath (not kicking out). The ball is contacted at about waist level with the front of your thigh, just behind the knee, for maximum upward thrust and height. Contact with ball in mid-thigh area will serve he same answer, but ball will not be thrust up as high. Note both the Front Foot Kick and Knee Bump are used for added control when making a save or arrogant a pass. They do not ceaselessly provide consistent control. 5. THE HEADER The 5th basic hit is the Header, and it is used oft in games to deflect upwards a high angle pass or fast serve to the upper body. With legs flexed at the knees, put the top of your forehead in front of the ball, lifting up your chin and terpsichore up from the legs as the ball strikes the forehead so as to deflect it up high in your own court. prevalent Helpful Hints aIways be in a ready stance, wit h feet pointing ahead and shoulder width apart, knees slightly bent, weight low and slightly forward. with the basic kicks/hits, usually you should face the trouble that you want to direct the ball to as you contact it. approach contact with the ball in a slow, easy and relaxed fashion, it is more important to first develop good timing (knowing when and how to contact the ball) than it is to kick the ball hard. the support leg provides your balance so should maintain a low indite and be flexed at the knee as your other foot executes the kick. ambidexterity is break to being a more respective(a) player, when ball approaches your right side, kick it with your right foot left side, left foot. unloosen STYLE This is your chance to expand on your basic kicks and come up with some more challenging moves of your own. Here are a couple to get you started. flight of steps CLIPPER Leap off the same foot that youll use to kick the ball. marker your kicking foot behind and under your other leg. Lift your kicking foot, turning your ankle and making contact with the ball with the flay surface on the inside of your foot. HAND LOOP This move can be done with a number of kicks. Position our arms to form a enlace. The idea is to have the ball first fall through the hand loop then kick it back upward through the loop. Different Games SOLO PLAY The object of play is to keep the takraw ball in the air as long as possible without using hands or arms, anything else goes CIRCLE GAME The object of the traditional Circle Game is the same as SoIo Play, except with a group of players standing in a circle. This activity was played as furthest back as the 14th blow in India, Laos, Malaysia, Myanmar (Burma), the Philippines and Thailand using a similar ball that was woven out of a rattan material, available in copiousness there.SEPAK TAKRAW THE NET GAME Sepak is Malay for kick and Takraw is Thai for the hand-woven ball that is used. In 1945 enthusiasts added a court and net w ith the same dimensions as in doubles badminton, and a set of rules similar to volleyball (without using hands or arms) to form a violent spectator sport with world backing tournaments held in both Malaysia and Thailand. In Hesperian countries it has been mostly Laotian immigrants who have first introduced Takraw to others. Now ASEC INTERNATIONAL is also halcyon to help introduce, promote and organize this fun and exciting recreational activity/sportPLAYERS POSITIONS 1. The serving teams forwards must remain in their quarter circles while the back player must have only one foot in the serving circle until the ball is contacted by the servers foot. 2. The receiving teams players may stand anywhere in their side of the court, but usually the back player stands just in front of the serving circle with the forwards on either side of him. 3. Players are allowed to move freely on each half of the court once the ball is has been served. TO BEGIN PLAY The game begins by one of the forwa rds tossing the takraw ball to the back player.The back player must then kick the ball, with the foot that is outside the serving circle, into the opponents court in one try (usually with an extended version of the inside kick). The serve is still good if the ball hits the net as it goes into the other half of the court. SCORING 1. Only the serving team can make a point. 2. A fault by the team possessing the ball constitutes a loss of serve. 3. A set is won by scoring 21 points, unless the points are tied 20 -20, then the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 25 points. 4. A match is won by winning two out of three sets. . If each team wins one set, the tie breakers set only goes to 15 points,unless the points are tied 14 14, then the set shall be decided on a difference of two points, up to a ceiling of 17 points. FAULTS 1. The back player does not kick the ball over the net on the service toss. 2. The ball falls to the ground inside or outside of the court. 3. The ball is hit more than three times in ecological succession by one side. 4. The ball hits the net but does not go over it. 5. The ball hits the hand or arm of a player. 6. Any part of the body touches, crosses the plane, or goes under the net. . The ball rolls on the body or is stalled. Note One player may hit the ball twice, or even three times, consecutively. The ball may be hit up to 6 feet outside courts perimeter. CONTROL When receiving a serve, stay low and deflect the oncoming ball upwards (head and thigh shots are highly effective for this purpose). SETTING riding horse is a skill which is executed by propelling the ball high above the net to enable the same, or another, player to smash the ball into the opponents court. Usually the player with the best ball control is setter. SPIKING subsequently the ball has been set, it can be banish down into the opponents court by the spikers head or foot. This is the most effective and dramatic move in the sport. Usually one of the forward players is designated as spiker during the game so that no confusion will come on as to who will spike the ball. blockade A block is a defensive skill used mainly for the purpose of preventing a spiked ball,that is coming from above and close to the net, from flying into the defending side. A block is usually made by jumping and raising the side of ones foot and leg above the net, or by turning and jumping up with the back to the net. OFFICIALS a. Member of Referees Committee b. Referee c. Assist. Referee d. Reserve Referee e. Standby Referee f. Teams Manager g. Teams Coach h. Players i. Spectators Referees shall avoid acquire themselves involved in dispute members of the public, the press, Sepak Takraw officials or players on matters pertaining to refereeing. An unpleasant incident encountered must promptly be reported to head Referee. Referees must at all times uphold the Laws of the Game, The Rules and Regulations. Referees must at times observe the 3Fs Firm, Fair and Fit.The level of visible fitness must always be maintained to fancy consistency with the requirements of good refereeing. Referees must behave as professionals and conduct themselves in a manner that will bring honour to themselves and the country. Referees detailed to operate in a sepak takraw tournament must report at the venue at least 30 minutes early for local games and 1 hour earlier for International Games. Official Referees must ensure that all referees stay behind until all games have ended before giving a short briefing and formally release the referees to go home. Official Referee is responsible to record down the name calling of

'An Archery Test Rig Made Using Computer Aided Design\r'

'University Malaysia Pahang Faculty Of Mechanical applied science meet Work tell pass on : Com gifter Aided goal commandment : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email&#clx;protected] Edu. My school consideration/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 aggroup alin concertow come out of the closet : Group 3 ‘the Expend fitteds Project Submission booking : (Week 13) hatch collectable Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067\r\nAmirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 lee side warble in shortmg11008 Subject : Computer Aided protrude Code : Bmm2613 Lecturer : Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib [email protected] Edu. My Session/Semester : 2012/2013 Semester 1 Groupname : Group 3 ‘the Expendables Project Submission Date : (Week 13) bailiwick Due Date : (Week 13) Group Members : Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdima12060 Poo Suk Sengma11067\r\nAmirah Fatin Binti Amranma12057 Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirolmc12033 Lee Sing Soonmg11008 Lecturer’s solution\r\n We hitherby decl be that we spend a penny suss out this dispatch and in our opinion this find is satisfactory in hurt of context and caliber for the show of the degree of unmarried man of Mechanical Engineering. spot: send for of executive program: Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib Position: Lecturer in Computer Aided institution of Universiti Malaysia Pahang Date: 11 December 2012 STUDENT’S DECLARATION We hereby decl be that the reckon in this realise ferment is our witness except for quotations and summaries which have been duly acknowledged.The take to spend a penny has non been accepted for whatever degree and is non con presently submitted for award of oppo locate(a) degree or tied(p) been ingestiond by early(a) industrial or non-industrial comp each associated. Signature: Name: Siti Nursoleha Binti Mohd Rosdi ID bet: MA12060 Signature: Name: Poo Suk Seng ID physical body: MA11067 Signature: Name: Amirah Fatin Binti Amran ID Number: MA12057 Signature: Name: Lee Sing Soon ID Number: MG11008 Signature: Name: Nur Shamimi Binti Shahirol ID Number: MC12033 Date: 11 December 2012 come up This parturiency hold up is close creating a strong number found on the topic given to us which is archery adjudicate swindle.To achieve the learn objective, the examen tackle structure must(prenominal) be rule and checkable for place the archery examening apparatus. We impoverishment to develop tools that vehemence out discharge the susceptibility in archery equipment. The cursors were made of pine and consisted of a briny shaft and close 15â€20 centimeter (6â€8 inches) yen fore shaft with a rocky dapple. This led the commercial ripening of advanced forms of motion including the directionrn recurve and compound bowknot. These modern forms argon now controlling in modern Western archery sequence traditional bows be in a minority.In the 1980s, the skills of traditional archery were revived by Ameri substructure enthusiasts, and combine with the new scientific under subscri cosmos. As we know, block out jell elevator car that is use in industrial is real m iodinetary valuely in the grocery and nigh manner need to be build by engine execution abridgment based on utilitarianity of power supply. Hence, our analyze find been replaced with modern one where its sensibles very brazen and well to find in securities manufacturing. or so chalk outes softw argon had employ like Solid full treatment to potation out the stamp of our archery prove frame.Materials choice withal included in this knowing help. Variable top and angle ordain be given at take noteive(a) go by the stretch of bow’s cosmic range of mountains to see whether death penalty of archery ordain decrease or ontogeny. Here, we rotter analyze at which pointer hurry is the optimum of exertio n from this humble machinelike. So, close to losses like power and arouse base be decrease. AKNOWLEDGEMENT In the name of solelyah, the Most Benevolent and the intimately Merciful. wholly the praise and bless(prenominal)ing be upon prophet Muhammad S. A. W.. all sincere gustatory modality and gratitude is only if to God.Only by His Kindness and Guidance that this project solve deal is lastly undefiled . In preparing this invoice, we have in take on with numerous people and academicians. They had contri notwithstandinged toward my understanding, thought, and as well guidance. In bad-tempered, we wish to express my sincere appreciation to our main lecturer, Mr. Mohd Azrul Hisham Bin Mohd Adib for his semiprecious guidance, advice and straight encouragement, constructive criticism and suggestion through and throughout this project. Without his continued co-occurrence and interest, this project work would not have been the same as presented here.My sincere as wel l extends to all our erotic love family especially our p arnts, because if it’s not of their request and support we would not be here and come ine this project work. Moreover, we would like to thank for all our colleagues and early(a) who has provides assistance at motley occasions. Their view tips be expedient indeed in helping us to achieve doing this project. Because of their courageous, we basin still stand to complete this project. Hence, to all people that pass or indirectly involve accomplishing our project that we were been sincerely thankful. TABLE OF CONTENTS PageSUPERVISOR’S DECLARATIONii STUDENT’S DECLARATIONiii ACKNOWLEDGEMENTSv ABSTRACTvi TABLE OF CONTENTSvii CHAPTER 1 intromission I. physical object II. Literature Review III. market place cartoon IV. Comparison amongst Our object and topical propose CHAPTER 2 methodology I. Plan to name the crossing II. Conducting the Solidworks III. Gantt Chart IV. F depleted Chat CHAPTER 3RESUL TS AND handling I. I any(prenominal)tric delibe set II. Assembly ploughsh be III. Orthographic adopt i. 1st fish ii. 3rd wobble IV. Sectional belief V. Discussion of Every Part VI. sweet Design Part CHAPTER 5 stopping point AND RECOMMENDATIONS REFERENCES APPENDICES I.Design Scratching slant OF TABLES LIST OF FIGURES LIST OF ABBREVITIONS CHAPTER 1 mental institution I. OBJECTIVE i. To figure small assay go-cart for archery’s equipment game. ii. To hear a surgery of the assay put unneurotic of the archery’s equipment efficiencies that is the bow and pointer. iii. Survey to mechanistic final cause laboratories and also to shop market. iv. To endeavor small mechanical shield set victimization Solidworks softw atomic number 18. v. To collect and select cheapest components and signifi great dealts of sieve materiel. vi. assay to think of a cheap strong and good quality to be utilise as the primary material in visitation ensnares. vii.Design a multifunction try pushchair structure, factor that, on that point are early(a) components squirt be agreeed in the next because of the extra spaces. viii. To conduct a uncomplicated analysis of the picture of the tally put in and to set up the full t circle in Solidworks. II. LITERATURE REVIEW i. INTRODUCTION This chapter depart briefly explain about basic concept of archery’s tribulation outfit, foundation of rill baby carriage effect scrutiny, the importance of ladder rig transaction interrogatory, development of sort rig surgical procedure testing, principle of diddly-squat and a hardly a(prenominal) colligate studies and journals that have been done by current police detectives.All this schooling is of the essence(p) ahead furthering to the analysis and study later. ii. BASIC notion OF TEST piece PERFORMANCE Archery test rig action characteristics are nearly-off graphical presentation of archery test rig mental process. They are con structed from the data obtained during existent test runs of the test rig and are in fussy helpful in comparing the implementation of one bow and pointer with that of an different. In this prick nearly of the primary(prenominal) performance characteristics of the test rig are discussed.It is to be noted that in that location is a accepted hurrying, inside the press forward range of protrudeicular(a) length of arrange stretched, at which force applied that is the length of string stretched leave alone be the supreme. At this point, the maximum advance faecal matter therefore be exerted on the bow. For all practical purpose, the limit perpetual or bow capacity to do work also will maximum at this point. As the speed of the cursor is increased above this speed the bill of the proposed time will decrease. However, the work yield of the test rig increases with the speed callable to longer length is executed per outset stretched.It should be note that the extern al ship resistance will continue to increase with increased cursor speed until close to point is r distributivelyed where the air resistance al about buttocks be negligible out-of-pocket to rapid movement of speed per here and now. study rig are so knowing that the maximum speed applied point is reached within various angle and height of the test rig. augment in speed applied means that the increased tar sustaining tramp be added per unit time increase the work output. iii. FOUNDATION OF TEST lay PERFORMANCE TESTING running play rig performance is unfeignedly a relative term. Normally it is be by typical characteristic curves which are functions of testing at some variable quantity of some situation and for our depicted object is archery game. The term performance coarsely means how well a scheme externaliseed is doing its rip in relation to the input heartiness or how effectively it is provides useful work in relation to some other comparable industrial test rig machines. Most of the testing of test rig for their performance characteristics takes place under science laboratory condition.The test rig is connected to a mechanical-based devices much(prenominal) as diddly, resile and usual lift up weapon by lifting the height of the steel in mapicular pronounce factor. However, the performance characteristics of work, speed versus string stretched, degree of angle, height of devices of bow and arrow are recorded. There are so many types of industrial test rig used but using automation to quickly perform eyeshadements and evaluate the test results. Principle that we used is mainly only if simple mechanism that involve physics law and spirit it using Solidworks software.Our design of test rig subprogram is to bestow home the bacon the casing the arrow to fluctuate freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is simply equivalent to the speed care ful on a level speed per time, ? , from the line voice of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the enlarge casing of bow’s toter from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several(prenominal) factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed on hand(predicate) at each length string stretched within the useful destinyicular of variable. iv. THE IMPORTANCE OF TEST RIG PERFORMANCE TESTING Today the most common power reservoir is the well-known in industrial test rig machine. This type of test rig machine has been the choice referable to cost-efficient and right result in testing equipment for an extype Ale. For out invention whitethorn become innate choice cod to low appeal and portable properties. The portable characteristics shown whitethorn be easy because does not any galvanizing supply due to mechan ical works only use in our test rig and easy to moves by salutary man-power.Industrial test rig machine as we know it today is not able to comply with future emission wishs due to its massive cost and power used not very appropriate for some minority field. However, in the future manufactures must come up with new cost-efficient test rig technologies that still sustain the same or improved performance for customer satisfaction. III. MARKET stick to stress rig is an apparatus used for assessing the performance of a piece of mechanical or electrical equipment. In our case is to assessing the performance of archery’s equipment that is the bow and arrow.The experiment can be undergoing when we test how farthest the arrow can crucify in much(prenominal) length per time in subscribe goingicular length of string stretched. Ex angstromle of test rig used in industrial field: * Aircraft Research Association †bullock Tunnel interrogatory Facility at Bedford, UK. Deta il design for the upgrade of their alert transonic wind tunnel. * Rolls Royce †Aero Engine Test Facility at Derby, UK. Design, supply and site installation of a range of specialiser fabricated gas catchers for use firearm testing jet engine turnround thrust. * Babcock Marine †Devonport Naval Dockyard at Plymouth, UK.Provision of test facilities to quit training of key military unit involved in the nuclear slue decommissioning programmed. As an addition, from a long-term perspective, the most measurable orbit linking Turkey to the unwaveringtary economy is manufacturing. The share of manufactured goods in the total exportations of Turkey increased from 37% in 1980 to 93% in 2009. Increase in the good deal of foreign handicraft between 2002-2008 is also remarkable. $87 gazillion volume of foreign trade in 2002 rose at an annual point of 25%, to reach $334 billion in 2008, $243 billion in 2009.This shown that test rig machine is very important to test some equi pment. In archery manufacturing, the efficiencies for the bow and arrow to working simultaneously to shoot the monthlong with accurate moment and high speed is mandatory for an excellent product. Platts is a hint spherical provider of faculty and metals information and the world’s foremost source of price assessments in the physical energy markets. Since 1909, Platts has alterd the markets to operate with transparency and efficiency, and helped traders, risk managers, analysts, and intentness leaders do better vocation and business terminations.Platts Report: The aluminum mixture market †strong but invade with uncertainty †examines in detail employment throughout the sector and beyond, in Europe, the US and Asia over the past few months and helps bring focus to the outlook of Q1 2012. Comparison of Al and steel planetary aluminum Market to Reach 71. 2 Million rafts by 2018, According to New Report by Global Industry Analysts, Inc. GIA announces the d eform of a comprehensive global report on the Aluminum markets. The global market for Aluminum is forecast to reach 71. 2 million tons by the course of instruction 2018.Major factors driving fruit in the Aluminum market include increasing demand for the metal in developing countries, frown per capita consumption of Aluminum in appear markets, increasing applications of Aluminum in various sectors, increasing regulations in the automotive sector that are driving use of Aluminum, and convalescence in demand from end-use plane sections post-recession. Asia-Pacific represents the largest regional market for aluminum worldwide, as stated by the new market research report on Aluminum. China and India are acclivitous as the major drivers of global growth in consumption of aluminum.Europe represents the second largest regional market worldwide, followed by the US. Growth in the global aluminum market is communicate to be driven by the ataraxis of knowledge domain market, which inc ludes the Middle East and Africa. The regional market is projected to post a compounded annual growth rate of 11. 1% during the analysis period. Extruded yields represents the largest market segment for aluminum. However, Rolled Products are projected to lead growth in the global aluminum market. Our suggestion is strongly to use atomic number 13 alloy as a material for our test rig. The characterized by a relatively low density (2. g/cm3 as compare to 7. 9g/cm3 for steel), high resistance to wearing in some common environments. Our test rig is showing portable properties that countenance this to be use even in hot field, including the ambient atmosphere it can resist form corrosive type O heart and soul in natural environment. umpteen of this alloys are easily in the process of fabrication virtue to high ductility. The mechanical posture of aluminium can may be enhanced by parky work and by alloying with another metal or non-metal. Aluminum Alloy Product Description Speci fications: Tensile Strength(psi): 83000 Yield Strength(psi): 72000Elongation(%2″): 11 Hardness: 158 IV. COMPARISON amidst OUR DESIGN AND CURRENT DESIGN In Figure above that is the advance industrial test rig machine for testing the car door system. Basically our design is inspired by above design but to a greater extent less cost and in simplify form. We eventually betray a portable test rig that can be brought to any places. Testing facilities and test rigs come in many forms and are used within a broad spectrum of industries. They perform a flesh of key functions from product validation through to the training and development of operators. The benefits from our design of test rig: ) The material used is easy to find in market and very popular in making of industrial machine. We are suggesting aluminum alloy due to high strength that is more mechanical properties shown in steel. b) Complete bespoke design and supply of unique test rigs to suit unmarried archery player spe cified requirements. c) modification and upgrades to existing test facilities. d) Specialist components for consolidation into new test equipment. e) Shop assembly and proving of specific test rigs. f) In juvenile years we could have successfully blameless a number of high visibleness projects involving test equipment. g) Globalization. ) Ongoing liberalization of international financial and commercial system. i) Foreign investors’ beingness directed to the fields accelerating technological-social dynamics in archery. j) Rapid development and increase in effective use of information technologies and innovation. k) expert developments. l) Increase in the size and purchasing capacity of domestic market. m) Richness of renewable and alternative energy sources. n) Development of rivalrous new business models. o) Development of institutionalization and slew culture. p) Coming into prominence of the intermitnerships between countries. ) channelise magnitude importance of added value product production, quality and efficiency of archery’s bow and arrow. r) switch over magnitude of the information based (producing and utilizing information) competitive advantage. s) increase demand for new, high-quality and different products in the global markets with low cost. t) Contribution of the positive developments related to environment and climate changes to the competitiveness. CHAPTER 2 METHODOLOGY I. PLAN TO DESIGN THE PRODUCT The demonstrable aspect was very similar to the front design. The end test rig, when fully assembled.The mechanism is the height can be change by requirement of user. There are dickens blocks that are used for joints of back up another holder of the arrow as well as the traction rope length u bow in the spring in the valve use to string along and release the bow string when trust shoot. The angle of the bow can also be changed by using the clustering and socket as our knees. There is another bulge that supports the ball and socket is attached to one of the blocks that support the horizontal mail service of the bow string pullers. The height of this test rig can be changed under by seafarer at the bottom part of the test rig.Jack with rotor will be involute over by man-power only and it will lift the top part of the test rig. In the preliminary design two hotshot were described down the stairs in our drawing, master spring switch length and a socket and ball joint in that can joint the bow with the spring switch length . In the true(a) design, these 2 separate were combined into a single part switch that also has a pull/push holder- feature. some features were added to aid in the apparatus and hang-up down of the test stand. The upper part and the lower part both have straight plane that come in contact with the base, and at each of these points there is a single ? n bolt. At the base of each upper 2 block supporter and after the jack assembly there are plane quick that can be disc onnects which allow them to be separated from the rest of the structure. The electrical connection is not exist at all in this test rig. All these features allow for the test stand to be assembled and disassembled in approximately 10 minutes. real Test Rig Picture shown below: Door testing for its joints and locking setup Testing. Small testing setup installed on seats for complete cycle testing of all for doors of the car.Calculation of door closing and crack speed with the accurate door deracination by servomotor. Reports and data can be visualized on remote PC outside Car. The torsion deteriorate test rig (TFTR) was constructed to experimentally characterize the fatigue behaviour of materials that fail due to oscillatory shear stresses. It consists of a base, hydraulic band actuator, and crookedness cell. Given the horizontal material body of the rig, light weight mechanical adapters were designed to interface with the torsion bar specimens to play down the interference of bending moments on the tests results.The adapters are essentially custom designed ferrule fixtures with base flanges for mounting, and they use off-the-shelf collets and squeezeing wild to retain the specimen and transmit torque. Tests are generally carried out in torque controlled mode and the prescribed torque levels/amplitudes are controlled through commercial software. In this case of our test rig, the speed can be evaluated by the length of string stretched in much(prenominal) angle specified. The height also can be go throughd in such way by jack illustrated mechanism.Our design of test rig operation is to allow the casing the arrow to swing freely with various variables that we figure out in this evaluation. The reaction string stretched various length, L, which is exactly equivalent to the speed measured on a level speed per time, ? , from the line section of the bow there are angle elevated, ?. The height of the test rig also can be organized. This restrains the att ach casing of bow’s holder from revolving, or the speed and work would not be affected. Then, there are several factors that must considered in evaluating the performance of the test rig.Most of them are maximum work or speed available at each length string stretched within the useful particular of variable. V. FLOW graph Report is for draft and design. While presentment is about the whole work Report is for draft and design. While Presentation is about the whole work List the ask material List the needed material champaign and gather information Study and gather information Design & Sketching Concepts Design & Sketching Concepts YES YES NO NO MODIFICATION MODIFICATION SOLIDWORKS package SOLIDWORKS SOFTWARE FINISH FINISHPRESENTATION PRESENTATION FINAL score FINAL REPORT FINAL password FINAL countersign analytic thinking ANALYSIS BRIEF DISCUSSION BRIEF DISCUSSION MARKET SURVEY MARKET SURVEY DESIGN & SKECTHING DESIGN & SKECTHING LITERATURE news report L ITERATURE STUDY START START VI. GANTT CHART ACTIVITIES| week 1| calendar week 2| WEEK 3| WEEK 5| NOTES| Group division| v| | | | 3 Design must be prepared| instruct about project design| v| | | | -| Re-do design and lecturer’s citation| | v| | | Get lecturer acclaim| Do some literature canvass| | v| | | -| Gather information| | v| | | -|Start doing Solidworks| | | v| | 3 part is separated| Progress report| | | v| | -| Make presentation slides| | | v| | Slides for final presentation| Finish final report| | | v| | -| Present project| | | | v| -| VII. CONDUCTING SOLID WORKS 3 persons delegate to handle this Solidworks. Our design is also change integrity into three descriptors. The first phase is the jack, the second phase is the ball and socket that is used to change the angle position of the bow, and the third phase is parking bow string, pull and position of the spring in the valve.Isometric view, orthographic view, and sectioned view is provided in our report. Assemb ly part is use to toon this design. There are about more than 15 parts that have been assembly together in this design. The overall view we put it together in isometric vie. All the dimensions is in mm with the scale of 1:50. development about the assembly and its components is limited in bountiful Design Review. Most of the capabilities in ample Design Review mode are limited versions of existing SolidWorks capabilities. Snapshots are available only in Large Design Review.While an assembly is open air in Large Design Review, it can make changes to its components. The uses Filter Modified Components to visually indicate which components have been modified. Selective Open and related tools are available on the Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager. These tools let to set some or all components to resolved or to lightweight. The Large Design Review tab of the CommandManager provides access to commands so can be use when open an assembly in Large Design Review mode. Paramete rs refer to constraints whose values determine the shape or geometry of the model or assembly.Parameters can be all numeric parameters, such as line lengths or circle diameters, or geometric parameters, such as tangent, parallel, concentric, horizontal or vertical. numeral parameters can be associated with each other through the use of transaction, which allows to capture design intent. Features refer to the building blocks of the part. They are the shapes and operations that construct the part. Shape-based features typically begin with a 2D or 3D subject field of shapes such as bosses, holes, slots, etc. This shape is then extruded or cut to add or remove material from the part.Operation-based features are not sketch-based, and include features such as fillets, chamfers, shells, applying draft to the faces of a part, etc. mental synthesis a model in SolidWorks unremarkably starts with a 2D sketch (although 3D sketches are available for power users). The sketch consists of geo metry such as points, lines, arcs, conics (except the hyperbola), and splines. Dimensions are added to the sketch to define the size and location of the geometry. transaction are used to define attributes such as tangency, parallelism, perpendicularity, and concentricity.The parametric nature of SolidWorks means that the dimensions and relations drive the geometry, not the other way around. The dimensions in the sketch can be controlled independently, or by relationships to other parameters inside or outside of the sketch. In an assembly, the analog to sketch relations are mates. Just as sketch relations define conditions such as tangency, parallelism, and concentricity with respect to sketch geometry, assembly mates define equivalent relations with respect to the individual parts or components, allowing the easy construction of assemblies.SolidWorks also includes additional advanced union features such as gear and cam confederate mates, which allow modeled gear assemblies to acc urately regreen groceries the rotational movement of an real(a) gear train. Finally, drawings can be created either from parts or assemblies. Views are mechanically generated from the solid model, and notes, dimensions and tolerances. CHAPTER 3 RESULTS AND DISCUSSIONS I. Isometric View II. Assembly Part III. Orthographic View i. 1st Angle ii. 3rd Angle IV. Sectional View V. Discussion of Every Part The body part is main part of the test rig. The body part is the support side of the test rig and as a connector.It holds the billy together with joint so that that joint clamp can hold it together stable. The joint is very important is in this test rig also because it is the main part that contains spring that will stretched inside it when baton is pulled by its holder that stuck the bow string in it. Joint clamp is functional in changing the position of the arrow angle. It can be measured 0o until 180o. This is may suitable for some player that plays with their bow arrow in such rare angle. The baton is part that joint in with the joint and the joint clamp. At the surface of the baton there is a dowse that is used for the string to be put.The spring is used for the pulling the baton when want to launch the arrow in such speed and length the string being put in particular section bolt. There are 4 section of hook that can be put the bow string. The base is eventually for the bread and butter the whole structure especially the jack. join is used for linking with the hydraulic jack. Support part is for the hydraulic jack and as a base to put the body of the test rig. Connectors used in this test rig is ripe screw rod, side supporter screw, base screw, and long screw. This act as same function that is to connects part tightly. guiltless Body Diagram (FBD) VI. New Design PartSINGLE CAM TUNING: Arrow spine can affect the high/low tear of the paper test for one-cam bows. In 2007 World Target Champion instructed us that weakspined arrow shafts out of his Mathews bow, the name of the bow will tend to tear cross outhigh when paper testing. The stiffer spined shafts will tend to show a low nock tear through the paper. That’s one reason why some bow setups continue to tear nock high no matter where you alter the nocking point location †the arrow is play playing weak and needs to be switched for a stiffer shaft. This is why our test rig can produce many variable and can be added in improvement plan in future.ADJUSTING FOR LEFT AND RIGHT arrow TEARS: Correcting arrow flight for nock-right and nock left over(p) tearing traits through the paper is more trying than correcting for up and down. An arrow tears left or right because its spine is not properly matched to the bow system. (Remember, we already eliminated arrow rest contact. ) These adjustments are numerous and don’t always get results if the arrow isn’t the proper spine or something major is wrong with the bow system. I remind you again that this is not a pe rfect world and you should not bill your head against the wall trying to get a perfect hole.Close is good especially if the vane slices through the paper are crisp and all test shots produce the same hole. A little high-left or a little high tear, less than a half inch from 8 yards, is very acceptable and tells you that the arrows are move well. All that remains is to shoot for groups from some distance that matches the archer’s dexterity level. Our design that has 4 section of hook is very useful because force is very important in shooting the arrow. Furthermore, no power supply is used by our machine makes us tend to do it different section to differentiate how far can the arrow go when it is shoot form different section.CHAPTER 5 CONCLUSION AND RECOMMENDATIONS There is a significant volume of literature covering methodology and approaches to selecting forefingers of sustainable development. There is certainly no dearth of suggested ‘criteria’ for index f ingers and it has been possible to combine the oft- creditd lists to form a comprehensive overview (box 3). Similarly, several engineers mutually assist adopting a framework to provide a coherent, consistent and structured process to indicator plectrum. However, there is an apparent gap in the literature in terms of the actual application of indicators, successfully or otherwise.This suggests that more frequently than not the process of selecting indicators †from decision making which indicators to adopt, to how many and whether/ how to aggregate and communicate the results †can become so lengthy and mingled that the implementation and reviewing of indicator data is neer achieved. It seems all too easy to get hung-up on finding the ‘perfect’ indicator, but as Bakkes (1997) describes, indicators compromise between relevance, scientific validity and measurability and will often have to be ‘optimally wide of the mark’.Therefore, aspiring to ac hieve the best available indicator is far more efficient in practice. Whilst the process of selecting indicators is intrinsically important to successful implementation, and indeed a valuable learning experience in itself (Bell and Morse, 2003), it is important not to lose perspective. Indicators are not an end in themselves but a means for communication and to assist the polity and planning cycle. Bell and Morse (2003) explicitly argue that to date, very poor, if any relationships between indicators and insurance policy change have been demonstrated.They quote Reid’s (1995 in Bell and Morse, 2003: 50) analysis of why: a lack of ken of the issues; political unacceptability of many actions; antagonist from entrenched interests; and inadequate institutional responses. Therefore, it is important to be aware of these potential barriers when calculative indicators and to ensure that monitoring them is seen as an constitutional part of the planning cycle, rather than a routin e data collection that is not part of the institution’s decision making and learning cycle; wherefore ensuring that â€Å"energy [is] directed towards achieving sustainability, not just measuring it” (DSCWG, 2001).Furthermore, the cyclical, ‘feedback’ nature of indicator selection and implementation should be upheld. Just as policy needs to react to indicator data, the indicators also need to be compromising to adjust to possible changes in policy priorities and objectives. Developing a reliable and useful set of indicators that truly reflect the 4-dimensional nature of sustainable development is distinctly a complex task.However, â€Å"if sustainable development is one of the tourism industry’s major contemporary objectives, then the industry needs to be able to measure its performance and impacts in this area” (Ko, 2005:432); labor movement this process, through adopting a framework to selecting indicators and acting upon their results, is worth the time and effort required to get it right. The implementation of the Annotation project has clearly demonstrated the concepts underlying the system to be entirely feasible, with, of course, the previously mentioned alterations and reservations.The moderation subsystem required the use of certificate methods, currently under investigation within the JISC project umbrella at this time, in arrange to be realistically implemented. Several authentication projects under development will currently become available; using any such suitable project, it is possible to enable an implementation of the moderation system in the real world. Amongst other applications, note of hand could also be considered as searchable metadata. This would permit a wider reach for site or content searching mechanisms. During this roject, the idea was considered, but constraints due to the design made it impractical â€the commentary of the project stated clearly that, as a completely independen t service, its founding or otherwise should not in any way influence the operation of the resource finder. As such, it would have been strange to link the Resource Finder’s operation to the annotations. As an example scenario, one faculty imagine a researcher who reads a paper in a given context and, whilst annotating the document, drops a reference to several other resources r concepts. A researcher searching on one of these associated concepts may therefore be referred to this article as a implication of the annotation; in this way, one might imagine that searching ’backwards’ from annotation information may provide, peradventure surprising, and perhaps useful associations. While doing this project we get ahead that potentially it came from us the developing our strength to become more knowledgeable in this real-life world. We are exposed to the market survey, the material used and the important thing is to design something.At last, to wrap up this concl usion with a question, introduced as a statement; the possibilities provided by the storage of annotation metadata are certainly wide enough. Annotation metadata alone is a potentially rich resource; when combined with other information, such as contextual background information, the possibilities are endless. Applying contextual information, for example, could help the sorting through search terms to locate more relevant resources. What other metadata exists that could contribute to the usefulness of an annotation? REFERENCESI. Global Industry Analysts, Inc. , (GIA) http://www. strategyr. com/Aluminum_Market_Report. asp II. â€Å"Commission on Growth and Development. 2007. â€Å"The Growth Report,” Washington, D. C. III. Rodrik, D. 2007. â€Å"What does China export? China and the World Economy IV. www. disability. wa. gov. au V. Learning Guide © 2009 The University of Adelaide VI. DavyMarkham †Products †Test Rigs VII. NaRec †suggestion Turbine Test Faci lity at Blyth, UK. Design study VIII. End of Project Report, by Gregory J. L. Tourte, UKOLN,The University of Bath, August 2003 IX.\r\n'

'Inclusion in education: a challenge to make rhetoric a reality Essay\r'

'During the last decennium the efforts to provide a more(prenominal) equitable and tout ensemble-embracing learningal system objectiveed at meeting the postulate of all children grant mended their pace in the join Kingdom. The noble intention to ensure a more just societal environment which gives e genuinely ontogenesis person an opportunity to participate in proficient measure in all aspects of life of ordering has been a locomotive power behind around developments in the content of especial(a)(prenominal) education (Rose 2003, p.12).\r\nIn particular, New wear regime has been actively promoting an order of business of comprehension body and confederation for pupils with special educational require (SEN) in mainstream education (Atkinson et al. 2002, p. 4; Armstrong 2005, p. 135). This agenda of inclusion has not been limited to educate placement that extends to the curriculum. Inclusion has been recognised by New tire out an important aspect of the call for high standards for all learners (Mittler 2000, p. 2).\r\nAlthough the appendage of steady development of the integration of children with carnal and sensory disabilities from special to mainstream give instructions has been carried out in the UK since the proto(prenominal) 1980s involving various spheres of social life and gaining broad publicity, even to date for many lay observers of the educational context, the image of children in wheelchairs coming from the special cultivate sector into the mainstream is what they imagine much(prenominal) integration to be (Corbett 2001, p. 16). much(prenominal) interpretation of inclusion simplifies and emasculates its essence and purposes.\r\nAt the same time, as Ainscow et al. (2006) so soundly cue us, the sentiment of inclusion cannot refer to just somewhat students and not other(a)s. To be comprehensive requires that society strives to key and finish up all barriers to learning for all children. This kernel that society mus t attend to increasing participation not just for disabled students but for all those experiencing disadvantage, whether this results from poerty, sexuality, minority ethnic status, or other characteristics assign significance by the dominant culture in their society.\r\nTo achieve this, as Booth and Ainscow (1998) argue, while workings to understand inclusion society and responsible semipolitical bodies must give equal attention to dread and removing the pressures for exclusion that exist indoors the cultures of both the schools and society. Thus, in that location is no surprising that recently policies of New tug Government aimed at inclusive education have been subjected to sharp criticism as macrocosm fiddling and inadequate to meet the real requirements of children with SEN (Corbett 2001, p.\r\n39). In particular, Armstrong (2005, p. 149) argues that these policies â€Å"go no further than to redress the traditional deficit-driven discourse of special educational ne eds in the modernistic but illusionary language of inclusion”. Such criticism testifies that the issue of effectiveness of inclusion in education and in-depth substance of inclusive education is disputatious and complicated one.\r\nThe purpose of this study is to analyze the arguments by Armstrong and other critics of recent New Labour’s governmental policies, and to evaluate their relevance. Toward this end we will converse existing legislative instruments and New Labour government’s initiatives on inclusive education, scrutinize the importation of inclusion and its various interpretations, examine advantages and shortcomings of inclusive policies in force, and make the conclusion. A Concept of Inclusion in Education and Its Interpretations.\r\nBoth among scholars and in society on that point are different views on what inclusion in education is, which suggest, as we mentioned above, that complex influences are at work in the development of this field (Arms trong 2005, p. 136). almost researchers view inclusive education as an on-going development of special education (Farrell 2006, p. 24). Others believe that what is referred to as inclusion is, and should be, derived from mainstream approaches to instruction and school organization, creating an alternative to special education knowledge and practices (Skrtic 1995, p.194).\r\nFrom this latter perspective the idea of inclusion as a merger of special and regular education is seen as problematic because such an amalgamation appears likely to maintain a medical, alterative model of education (which we will discuss in our study later) that excludes those labelled as children with SEN from the curriculum and from other experiences available to non-labelled students (Thomas &type A; Loxley 2001, p.4).\r\nMittler (2000, p. 2) in a very comprehensive manner defines inclusion in the field of education as the concept which involves: a process of reform and restructuring of the school as a so lely, with the aim of ensuring that all pupils can have access to the whole range of educational and social opportunities offered by the school; [and which] […\r\n] include the curriculum on offer, the judicial decision, recording and describe of pupils’ achievements, the decisions that are taken on the grouping of pupils within schools or classrooms, pedagogy and classroom practice, sport and unfilled and recreational opportunities. At the same time, application of the concept of inclusion to everything from school effectiveness to civil rights to political manifestos, which we witness recently, renders it vacuous and susceptible to those critiques which accuse it of cloak inadequacies (Booth & Ainscow 1998).\r\nFor example, Armstrong (2005, p. 136) admits that the statistics on academic achievements of children with SEN for the period, when New Labour government is in office actively promoting inclusion in every sphere of social life, do not demonstrate any à ¢â‚¬Å"radical rendering of the social practices of inclusion/exclusion”. Besides, for the cynics, inclusive education means abandoning labelling and special resourcing for individual needs in order to cut costs in the lay down of equality.\r\nThey emphatically ask the quality assurance questions of what it offers to rise learning, how to measure its quality, and which strategies are selected as of proven take account (Thomas & Vaughan 2004, p. 25). Addressing these types of questions is the current responsibility of any school which purports to be inclusive (Skrtic 1995, p. 206). The way in which inclusive education, or in its earlier incarnation †integration, has been researched over the last few years is an indicator of the political nature of research in any field of honor in which ethical issues are paramount (Clough & Corbett 2000, p.\r\n162). The shift of emphasis has been sequential albeit often complementary: from psychological and medical child-defic it models of integrating individual children; to a sociological critique of labelling and segregation; to inclusion being an integral element of school effectiveness; to a social model of disability, placing the onus on institutions to remove barriers which limit participation (Thomas & Loxley 2001).\r\nThese tendencies demonstrate that inclusive education is an evolving and so to say ‘alive’ theatre of operations influenced by prevailing educational trends, such as initiatives to reduce exclusions, and by the impact of external assessment measures and competition between schools (Clough & Corbett 2000, p. 152).\r\n'

'Of mice and men theme power Essay\r'

'By examining the birth between the protagonist geroge and lennie , and the relationship between curled and his wife, this response will attempt to argue that indeed the only world-beater others have over us , is the power we give them. this response will likewise attempt to examine techniques and description to make and turn meaning in the world of this novel. How Power is Presented in Of Mice and workforce\r\nThe ancestor of power in Of Mice and Men is presented by Steinbeck in a variety of ways, including sectionisation, talks and imagery. The main themes of power in the novella accommodate personal power, seduction and the power of hierarchy. The theme of somatogenetic power is mainly represented through the persona Lennie. The power of seduction is shown through Curley’s wife. Whereas the power of hierarchy is portrayed through the Boss, Slim and Curly. In the novella Of Mice and Men, Steinbeck presents physical power through the character Lennie Small. Lenn ie is a considerable character, with immense physical strength. We female genitalia deduce this, from the opening description â€Å"A huge man” . The description here has foreshadowed Lennie’s physical stature and strength. His physical power, is a recurring theme throughout the novella.\r\nIt is again shown, when George talks to Slim just about his previous life with Lennie, â€Å"coulda bust every attire in my body”. Here through the part of dialogue, the reader is shown the physical power Lennie has over George. It is ironic, that purge though Lennie has the advantage of physical power. George is the more plethoric one. We advise see this, by the way George reprimands Lennie for disobeying instructions, â€Å"you wasn’t gonna say a word”. This dialogue, foreshadows Lennie’s need of mental power, to follow George’s instructions. Curley, The Boss and George atomic number 18 all connected because they have power over someone . In the Novella, The boss is in control of everything. similarly he answers to no one. â€Å"Hey, what’s your stake in this guy”. This dialogue is between George and The Boss, he is teasing George on his power over Lennie. This quote shows that he can control who works for him and who doesn’t. He can fire someone just because he doesn’t like them.\r\n'

'My Project Work,\r'

'CHAPTER ONE 1. 0 entrance 1. 1 accentuate Organisations, both private and humanity, in today’s dynamic commercialize calculate and grocery keep space ar increasingly leaving archaic marketing philosophies and st rategies to the codion of to a greater extent client- determined initiatives that seek to lowstand, rip, continue and build intimate long term kinship with profit adequate to(p) clients (Kotler, 2006; Gronroos, C 1994; Paradise-Tor directly, 1991; Narver and Slater, 1990).This look-a want shift has doubtlessly conduct to the festering interest in node relations, manage ment initiatives that aim at ensuring client appointment and interactions, customisation and privateisation that unreservedly lead to node contentment, retention and profitability, among opposite things (Thompson, 2004; Gronroos et al. , 1996; Xu et al, 2002; Dyche, 2001; Ryals & axerophthol; Knox, 2001; St whiz, 2000). Organisations ar on that pointfore increasingly pull d bingleence to a greater extent than(prenominal) guest-centric and be much interested non just in acquiring brisk customers, nevertheless more alphaly, retaining existing customers.This is perhaps beca expend it costs more to attract new customers than to retain existing cardinals. It is believed that the see to it bloodline spends cardinal (6) times more to attract new customers than to retain old customers. Again it is more profitable retaining an old customer who is more electromotive force to re-purchase or re-use a comp either’s intersections/ operate and recommend them to former(a)s. node retention is, and so, basic in all(prenominal)y a proceeds of customer allegiance and value which in turn is a function of the take aim of customer gladness or dis atonement (Reichheld, 1996). guest satisfaction is central to the customer-centric paradigm shift, and has gained much attention from scholars and practiti 1rs as it has become unitary of the card inal means for achieving bore improvement programmes, and one of the crucial foci of strategic marketing circumspection in strain organisations that view long-term perspective for growth. This is because of the challenging scrapeings, that cheerful customers be more seeming to watch loyal and committed to an organisation which withaltually leads to w vitamin Aum as opined by the popular avail-profit-chain proponents (Heskett et al. 1994; Heskett et al. , 1997; Reichheld and Sasser, 1990). In this regard, it is a fact that a very contented customer is nearly six times more worryly to be loyal and to re-purchase and/or recommend a intersection point than a customer who is just at ease. It is once more believed that genial customers tell quintuplet former(a)(a)wise deal or so their favourable treatment, and that cinque-percent change magnitude in loyalty give the gate increase profits by 25% †85%. Conversely, the average customer with a puzzle pull downtually tells octette (8) to ten (10) opposite sight (SPSS White paper 1996; Limayem M. , 2007).Consequently, pullupsattempt to adoptmeasures to ascertain customer satisfaction/dissatisfaction. round organisations tralatitiously rely on customer complains to ascertain customer satisfaction. Unfortunately the average business degraded never hears from 96% of their unhappy customers and 91% leave never come back; they frig around back; lone(prenominal) 4% of displease customers leave behind complain (SPSS White paper 1996). Consequently, the shift toward the intelligence of good customer satisfaction and its measurement has led companies to change their paradigms or so satisfying customers.Many organisations no time-consuming use completely customer complains; rather they adopt rigorous qualitative and quantitative appliances to measure customer satisfaction. In this regard, measuring customer satisfaction provides the feedback of how favored an organization is at providing products and/or helpers to the satisfaction of customers at the marketplace and market space. This makes it imperative for organisations to chance on pragmatic and reliable steps towards improving the timber impose of do slant, managing customer value and satisfaction more effectively.The shift to devoting considerable attention and resources to customer encyclopaedism and retention finished customer satisfaction is non polar with the six supple telecom profitss in gold coast, namely MTN of Scancom gold coast Ltd, Tigo of Millicom gold coast Ltd, Airtel of Airtel Ghana Ltd, Kasapa of Kasapa telecom, Glo of Glo Ghana Ltd and Vodafone of Vodafone Ghana Ltd. Though challenger has been keen in the perseverance, each of the five operating ready ne twainrks (MTN, Tigo, Vodafone, Airtel and Kasapa) has been growing in customer acquisition since Ghana deregulated its tele chat sector in 1994.According to NCA statistics, (December, 2011), the human body of r egistered smooth foretell sets and frigid lines in Ghana is 21,450,564 which acts 89. 4% of Ghana’s estimated 24 million deal comprising of 88. 2 planetary penetration and 1. 2 firm line penetration. discharge by the NCA figures in December, 2011, MTN commands 48% market sh ar, Vodafone 20. 2%, Tigo fol first bases with 18. 53%, Airtel comes in at 12. 4% and Expresso trails with a relatively insignificant 0. 88%. Each of the telecom ne bothrk companies is continually improving upon the musical none of their receipts blithering to in wander to survive the elevated competition in the industry.Since survival and growth or fiscal bug bring show upcome is driven by customer loyalty and retention which is in turn is driven by customer satisfaction and value (Rust and Oliver, 1994; Wang and Hing-Po Lo, 2002), delivering whole tone proceeds and customer satisfaction pull in been important goals and pursuit for each of the four expanding officious Telecom pro fitss as rise up as the regulators of the industry 1. 2Problem avowal Tanina is a participation of interests in Wa atomic come 74ern United States District of the stop bet westside expanse with a population of 2194.With six (6) registered erratic telecom vane nationwide, Tanina is privileged to invite four (4) available electronic networks; MTN, Vodafone, Airtel and Tigo with MTN having the highest subscribers. The riddle of this prove is propelled by the numerous complaints by MTN users near the bad genius of their networks in verdant atomic number 18as in the stop number double-u Region which Tanina is part of. The unpolished bea of customer satisfaction with expediency delivery is non dispatch as in that respect is scanty support of the issue. According to a discussion paper on telecom cultivations and investings in Ghana (Frempong & Henten, February 2004, p. ), the authors none that â€Å"the goals set by g everywherenment have only par tly been met †particularly with respect to the development in rural beas †and the reference of redevelopment is still low and has even deteriorated on any(prenominal) indicators. There is, in that respectfore, a widespread dissatisfaction with the general telecom development in Ghana among users as well as indemnity decision makers and administrators. ” Since the recent decade, the industry has witnessed a awe round increase in subscriber growth rate for all the wandering telecom operators (ITU 2008; Africa ICT indicators 2007).This growth front could not be attri thated to customer satisfaction; it is basi re refery due to the substantial growth in investment and expansion of network feeler during the sound decade. This seems a success story, and there be high hopes that the answer timbre delivered by the busy telecom Networks meets customer expectations, ideal return, or satisfaction. However, since 2006, there had been legion(predicate) compla ints from customers nearly the benefit delivery of the unsettled telecom networks in Ghana (BIZ Community. com October, 2007), notably MTN Ghana Limited.As a lead, a statement released by the interior(a) confabulations pl saltation (NCA) in Ghana profusely lamented that in break of the appreciable growth and expansion put down in the industry, â€Å"the quality of utility is anything but good” (BIZ Community. com, October 19, 2007). The NCA kick upstairs gave some Mobile Telecommunication Networks an ultimatum to improve upon their serve within thirty-days. Evidently, the growth trend in the diligent telecom industry in Ghana does not provide empirical support for the claim that customers argon at ease with the suffice delivery of the telecom suppliers in Ghana. 1. 3General ObjectiveAssess the aim of satisfaction among MTN subscribers in Tanina. 1. 4Specific Objectives * To find out how MTN to MTN call ins or MTN to different(a) networks or an an new(pr enominal)wise(prenominal)(prenominal)(a) networks to MTN calls effective in Tanina. * To ascertain what MTN product(s) or aid(s) is/ ar to the highest degree preferred. * To examine how at rest MTN subscribers have admission to their helpline (111) in Tanina. * To find out whether users of MTN earnings b bridle-pathband atomic number 18 convenient with the good or not. 1. 5Research Questions * Are MTN to MTN calls or is MTN to some other networks or other networks to MTN calls effective in Tanina. * What MTN product(s) or aid(s) is/are more or less preferred. How convenient do MTN subscribers have glide path to their helpline (111) in Tanina * How quenched are MTN users with their network/ broadband aid in Tanina? 1. 6Research methodological analysis 1. 6. 1 Sample Size Tar put down nation: the target group was both MTN users and non-users in Tanina. pop out of the nub population of 2194, it was assumed that 658 mickle representing 30% of the total population a re restless phone users who are our hear surface of it. A prototype size for the teach comprised one hundred thirty responsives representing 20% of the targeted population. 1. 6. 1 consume Techniques Purposive sampling was the technique employed by the group.This modifyd the group to identify MTN and non MTN subscribers because they have the necessary subsistledge take uped for the study. 1. 6. 2 characters of discipline Collection The info was obtained from both primary and secondary sources. In this study the primary entropy was obtained from our targeted group (cxxx0 respondents). Secondary info on the other hand was collected from incumbent and previous report at MTN Regional piece in Wa, 1. 6. 3 Methods of Data Collection reissue focus group discussion comprising of 10 plurality each and interviews was apply to collect information from the illiterates and literates respectively. 1. 6. Tools of Data Collection A self-administered questionnaire was emplo y to collect data. 1. 6. 5 Techniques of Data Analysis Data collected was examine using quantitative and qualitative techniques. Quantitative data analysis was used to assess figures whiles qualitative would be used to assess the direct of customer satisfaction. 1. 7Significance of the essay The study allow lay bare the problems of MTN service delivery to its customers and stakeholders in rural areas and the nation at large. To step up the quality of service delivery in Upper West Region especially in rural areas desire Tanina. 1. 8Anticipated LimitationThe anticipated boundary that would be encountered during this enquiry includes; Language barriers: the translation or explaining questionnaire into their local dialect perfectly will be a problem since none of the group members can speak the language and limitation of vocabularies in the dialect. pay: The finance and material resource needed for a larger sample size for this study is inadequate. 1. 9Organisation The organiza tion of the study would be centered on five chapters Chapter One (1) and two (2) would consist of introduction, background, problem statement, chief(prenominal) and specific research objectives, significance of the study, esearch methodology, limitation, references as well as physical resources base, the socio-demographic characteristics, spatial distribution of gag rule among others. Chapter three (3) and four (4) would in any case consist of belles-lettres which involves the review of document relevant to the area of study and data presentation and analysis on sources, types and techniques of data collection and analysis respectively. The final chapter will speech around the culture, summary and recommendation. CHAPTER TWO 2. 0 write OF TANINA partnership . 1 Physical and Resource groundwork 2. 1. 1 Location Upper West is one of the ten administrative regions in Ghana. The region is regain at the north- westbo beneathn corner of Ghana and it is boarded by Burkina-Faso t o the north, drop Coast to the west, Federal region to the south and Upper eastbound region to the east. Wa is the capital of Upper west region of Ghana and it is master(prenominal)ly dwell by the Wala bulk with a major(ip)ity of the inhabitants homo Muslims. Wa East district is one of the eight administrative districts of the Upper West region.The district shares boundaries with west Mamprusi to the north-west, West Gonja to the south-east and the Sisala East district to the north. It has a land mass of about 1078km2, which lies surrounded by latitude 905511N and c2511N and longitude 101011W and 20511W. Tanina is one of the communities under the Bulenga Area council under the Wa West district. It is located in south-western corner of the district and it is about eighty-seven miles from the district capital, Funsi. It shares boundaries to the north with Piisi, Poyentanga to the south, Polee to the west and Loggu to the east. . 1. 2 Relief and Drainage The landform in the union is gently sloped towards the east and undulating in nature. The country is clayey and due to the gentle sloppy nature of the land, drainage is fairly good. The nature of the dirt and stir formation in the residential district makes water goop a bit hard pull up stakesing in runnel offs in to water bodies which has contributed immensely to the expansion of irrigation ground in the modify season. 2. 1. 3 Climate and botany The climate is the tropical equatorial which prevails without the Northern part of Ghana.There is a bingle rainfall full stop which spans in the midst of the months of May and October supporting farm activities in the area. The other season which is between the months of November and April usually is dry and accompanied by harmattan winds which reduces farming activities since these activities are by and large rain fed. The community falls within the guinea fowl savanna zone which is associated with short thick trees, shrubs and grasses of var ying heights. It is excessively endowed with frugal tress similar dawadawa, baobab, shea and nim trees which contain medicinal properties. 2. 1. 4 Soil and GeologyThe flaw set up in about parts of the community is clayey in nature with trace amounts of call down whilst the farming areas are clayey loam. Soil associations that exist are the Wenchi-Varempere, Wenchi-Baleufill, Wenchi-Tafali, which are fairly distributed to marginally suitable areas for crop production. These series have similar characteristics to the S-rated soils and are thus suitable for mechanized irrigated elaboration of some export and food crops. The community is surrounded by extrusive an igneous rock which is believed to contain traces of granite. 2. 2 Socio-demographic characteristics 2. 2. 1 Population SizeAccording to the 2000 population and housing census, a population of 1922 was originalized; the district had a mold population of 2191, 2234 and 2277 for 2007, 2008 and 2009 respectively. However it was realized from the groups study that the total population of Tanina is soon 2194 and out of this, the young-begetting(prenominal)s were 1047 representing 48. 8% and females were 1145 representing 52. 8% of the total population. This increase in population could be as a expiry of high descent rate and low death rate. 2. 2. 2 hop on scattering AGE GROUP| NUMBER OF lot| PERCENTAGES(%)| 0-17| 980| 44. 7| 18-54| 827| 37. 7| 55+| 387| 17. 6| count| 2194| coke| shelve 2. 1. 1 season Distribution 2. 2. 3 Ethnicity, Religion, Kinship Inheritance and Marriage Tanina is inhabit by two major tribes namely the Walas who represent 94% of the total population, the Dagaabas who represent 5% and other tribes namely Akans and Fulaanis taking up the rest of the 1% of the total population. Information akinwise gathered revealed that there are three main devotions universe expert in the community, namely; Islam, Christianity and the African handed-down religion with Islam being t he most dominant. 92% of them practiced Islam, 6% were Christians whilst the stay 2% belong to the African conventional religion.The patrilineal dodge of inheritance is practiced by the inhabitants with absolute bulk of the passel practicing Polygamy as a governance of marriage. 2. 2. 4 Economy The economy of the community is loosely driven by agriculture with commerce and industrial sectors being least developed. Out of a sample of fifty houses that was studied, 90% of the people were occupied in agricultural activities like farming and the rearing of animals, 6% were in to trading whilst the remaining 4% were engaged in the local industries and service sectors available in the community. . 2. 4. 1 agriculture Tanina is endowed with fertile soil which makes the cultivation of crops very productive so it is therefore not surprising that it is the backbone of the economy. The people are both commercial and subsistence farmers but dominantly subsistence. Mixed cropping, intric ate farming and mono cropping are some of the farming system of ruless follow by the people to yield arrogant wills with the help of simple farm tools like hoes, cutlasses, dibbers and umteen another(prenominal) others, only a few farmers use tractors and bullocks for cultivation of crops.The chief is the custodian of the land so he has the sole power to give out land to individuals who want to undertake farming activities in the community but however, some individuals own family lands which they could use for this purpose. Agriculture in the community like all communities in the three northern regions is mostly rain-fed which get outs in seasonal unemployment in the dry season. However, there are two dams that have been constructed in the community to serve domestic and irrigation purposes during the long dry season.Productivity is affected mainly by the lack of ready market for perishable crops, minuscule farm size, and absence of a community market and high cost of tran sportation. Since there are no markets in the community, marketing of agricultural produce and gilly go downer is carried out in nearby community markets and at home. When it comes to the issue of financing agriculture in the community, the people rely mainly on their individualised savings and sales from their previous harvest. They also relied on family savvy as well as hired compass to support their agricultural activities.The industrial sector of the community is comprised of several activities such as soap making, shea butter processing, dawadawa processing, rice processing and charcoal impetuous and all of them are undertaken and dominated by the women. The community is uprise with the necessary raw materials needed to power these industries but these activities sometimes have a negative furbish up o the physical environment, for instance bush burning caused by the charcoal burners, indiscriminate felling of trees, pollution and many others. 2. 2. 5 converseIn the trad itional institution, information flows from the chief through with(predicate) the sub-chiefs to the council of elders, then to the family heads and finally to the community members and vice versa. With regards to the young institution, information flows from the district congregation through the assembly man who discusses it with the unit committee and then to the full community members and vice versa. There is a genial and cooperative relationship existing between the two institutions as a result of mutual judgement and respect for each other’s views.The flow chart downstairs depicts the flow of information in the community. TRADITIONAL MODERN CHIEF DISTRICT collection SUB-CHIEFS ASSEMBLY MAN COUNCIL OF ELDERS UNIT COMMITTEE FAMILY HEADS COMMUNITY MEMBERS COMMUNITY MEMBERSIn Tanina community, the modern semipolitical institutions take decisions in consultation with the traditional authority dominated by men with the exclusion of women. The political institutions co nsults with the loving institutions for prayers and the societal institutions in turn rely on the political institutions for protection an d maintenance of law and order in the community. Special preferences are given to men than women in the community; this is evident since women are not allowed to hold certain positions like family heads, clan heads and also to play leadership fibres in major decision making activities for the community.However, the women work hard by performing an assisting role by providing labor on farms digression their numerous domestic chores. 2. 2. 6 Health and cultivation Tanina lacks a wellness facility so the people usually rely on the expertise of traditional healers ground in the community. These herbalists cure a frame of diseases and ailments like stomach ache, business organization, epilepsy, snake bites, fever and many other reciprocal illnesses. Due to the vantage attitude of the community, most serious illnesses are both referred to th e Poyentanga clinic or the Wa regional hospital.In some cases, the people substantiate the operate of chemical stores in the community in order to acquire drugs to cure their health conditions which are usually without a doctor’s prescription, this leads to the relative incidence of self-medication which only causes harm than good. The people have been able to practice good food nutrition by balancing their meals to contain all the necessary components of a balanced diet. They eat plant and animal protein as well as vegetables which are prepared under hygienic conditions.From studies conducted in the community in 2011 by UDS students in the community, it was realized that the percentage of trained instructors in the school is encouraging, that is 58. 35% as against 41. 35% untrained. Moreover, the teacher â€pupil ratio in the school was 1:35 which is below the national ratio of 1:45. The school lacks a library facility, electricity to aid night classes, funds for reno vation of deplorable stem and inadequate staff, furniture, teaching and learning materials which has contributed to unequal faculty member performance on the part of the students. . 2. 7 water system and Sanitation The main source of portable alcohol addiction water in the community is bore-holes. Even though, they get penetration to the Zoomlion service which is not effective, the sanitary conditions of the community is not the best, there exists no sewage presidency systems. Solid and liquid waste from local industries and houses are disposed of in to the open environment. Places used as refuse sites have become heaped and produce maculate scents which pose harm to human health. CHAPTER THREE 3. 0 LITERATURE REVIEW . 1 developing of Mobile Telecommunication 3. 1. 2 Definition and Brief diachronic Perspective Mobile Telecommunication refers to the exchange of information, ideas and thoughts through the medium of a runny phone, telephone or receiving set network. Accordin g to the World International billet Organisation (n. d), ‘‘a mobile communication theory system/network refers generally to any telecoms system which enables wireless communication when users are moving within the service area of the system.A typical mobile communications system is a Public Land Mobile Network (PLMN). ’’ Until the invention of modern technology, the use of semaphore, flags, heliograph, relay runners; riders and criers, locoweed guides, drum, and light signals; message-carrying pigeons, and even the postal system were the traditional long-distance communication media (http://en. wikipedia. org/wiki/Telecommunication, downloaded on 10th venerable 2008). According to Balasubramanian et al. , (2002, p. 49), ‘‘the first transmission involving a single mobile platform occurred in June 1898, when Marconi transmitted a radio signal over 42 miles between a French naval vessel and the Wimereux marge station. The first transmission between a mobile transmitter and a mobile gain vigorr occurred in July 1898 when aboard the Royal Navy warship Juno, Marconi standard messages from the warships Alexandra and Europa at ranges of up to 45 miles. The first mobile telephone call occurred in June 1946, when a motortruck driver in St.Louis, Missouri, placed a telephone call using a handset from under his vehicle’s dashboard. Utilities, truckers, and news reporters rapidly adopted this technology and nearly degree centigrade cities and high room corridors and access to mobile telephone service by 1948. The technologies were very valuable then. The cellular phone concept that currently supports the bulk of mobile communication was developed in 1947 at Bell Laboratories. ’’ Today there are many different types and kinds of mobile phones that are used with supporting network for communication.These mobiles have different features and in good order capabilities. Apart from the basic use of making a nd receiving calls and messages; some can be used to play music, video, games, store considerable amount of personal data, access banking work with earnings capabilities (e-mails, e-order/procurement etc), among other uses. Mobile communications systems have been developed because of the increasing need to deliver users to move away from fixed telephone terminals without impairing approachability of users.Mobile technology has rapidly developed from first contemporaries (1G), second generation (2G), leash generation (3G) to beyond third generation (3. 5G and 4G) mobile technology that uses digital wireless technology that supports faster display of multimedia system and global roaming 3. 1. 3 Players and usage of Mobile Telecommunication Mobile communication network providers, in delivering run to customers, operate in an environment that involves purposeful relationships and interactions between several actors in many activities and with different resources. nigh of the pl ayers in mobile telecom industry providing services to the customers at their various indexs are: the mobile operator who provides the location positioning infra building that tells where the customer is; the content provider that delivers the information; the supplier that combines the information with the location information and makes it location relevant; and the platforms through which the customers can access the services (Harter 2000). Therefore it appears that any mobile telecom network needs to have several let on players along its value chain in delivering services to its customers (Pura M. 005). Mobile telecommunication plays a major role in today’s information technology-driven world of business. Nigel Scott et al. , (2004, p 14 &15) observe that ‘‘one office expect most calls to be link up to economic issues; research confirms that at present in Africa, it is social uses that drive phone use amongst the poor. â€Å"Chatting” and  " care in touch” are the most common use of phones. This is of value because it strengthens social capital through improved networking with friends and family. Other social calls concerning urgent matters (e. g. funerals and festivals) and financial matters (e. . call to family members working in cities to ask for bullion) mark highly and business and official/ disposal matters currently rank the lowest. plows enable people to save time, increase production (business), diversify (e. g. crops, goods in shops), and to get news. together this means that phones have a positive repair on improved incomes, reduced risk, and an improved aesthesis of well-being. ’’ Some of the roles played by mobile telecommunication are: • It is an enabler of Mobile commerce and promotes dissemination of useable information to entrepreneurs and enhancing business creation (Adjei Boadi R. amp; Gause Shaik A. 2006; Sahlfeld M. 2007; Nodh & Nodh 2007). • It is a sour ce of employment for many people whose jobs are created and/or facilitateddirectly or indirectly by the existence of mobile telecommunication (Adjei Boadi R. & Gause Shaik A. 2006). • It is a significant source of revenue not only for its business operators but also to regimes through taxes give by income earners in the mobile telecom industry (Adjei Boadi R. & Gause S. A. 2006). • It is a cheap means of communication and therefore cost-effective since it reduces the cost of travel. Nodh & Nodh 2007) • It enhances the public lavatory of instantaneous communication. Mobile phones were introduced so we could communicate when â€Å"on the move” and the capabilities have now expanded beyond their initial function for talk: you can now use mobile phones to access/receive a range of information wherever you are. A mobile phone allows you to be accessible at all times, wherever you are. It can help improve communication between staff and customers, p articularly business to business customers that may involve travelling (Adjei Boadi R. amp; Gause Shaik A. 2006). Some of the arguments raised against the use of mobile phones are that: • It elicits more unwanted calls as a result of being accessible from anywhere in the country. • There is a potential cost of using a mobile phone for business, and the costs will be so high as to damage their business. This is a potential danger, particularly when employees are using business mobiles, as there is a risk that some employees could debauch the phone raising bills massively. It is hazardous to the human health in that it causes difficulty in concentration when driving, fatigue, and headache; cancer, increase reaction time in a time time-dependent manner, infertility in man, and many other diseases. The use of mobile phones increases the risk of road accidents that couldhaveneverhappenedwithoutphones. (http://www. controlyourimpact. com/2008/03/disadvantages-of-mobile-phones /phones/) 3. 2 Description of Telephone Service Providers in Ghana Telecommunication service providers in Ghana over the years have increased from three to six in the last ten years.Most of the service providers in the mobile telecom industry, particularly the GSM service providers are all multi-national companies. It has been revealed that the main reasons of their coming to Ghana is either a complete buy out of local interest or they go in for a foreign-local partnership in which they are going to be the majority shareholders. (www. nca. org. gh) According to NCA statistics, (December, 2011), the number of registered mobile phones and fixed lines in Ghana is 21,450,564 which represents 89. 4% of Ghana’s estimated 24 million people comprising of 88. 2 mobile penetration and 1. fixed line penetration. Going by the NCA figures in December, 2011, MTN commands 48% market share, Vodafone 20. 2%, Tigo follows with 18. 53%, Airtel comes in at 12. 4% and Expresso trails with a rela tively insignificant 0. 88%. Each of the telecom network companies is continually improving upon the quality of their service delivery in order to survive the high competition in the industry 3. 3 Licensing The guinea pig conference license (NCA) is the only institution mandated by the administration to give license to prospective telecommunication firms deficient to operate in Ghana.The main reasons for the licenses are to check unauthorized firms operating without the knowledge of the Government. The licensing is done in an open, non-discriminatory, and transparent manner. The NCA in consultations with the Ministry of Communication determines the application criteria, procedures and terms of conditions associated with the license. The issue Communication Authority (NCA) has the right to come back the license of firms. Licenses fees are determined by the National Communication Authority in consultation with the Ministry of Communication’s.Licenses for Mobile phone se rvice providers are based on the usage of the national resources like the electromagnetic spectrum. (www. nca. org. gh) 3. 4 Competition Policy The National Communication Authority has the competition policy in place to make sure there is fair, transparent and non-discriminatory telecommunication market environment. In every society where there is more than one firm operating in the kindred field there is always competitions among them and one will be better than the other. In the telecommunication sector of Ghana there are five diligent different service providers that operate in the country.The policy is to fit that these service providers work in harmony with each other. The National Communication Authority has the mandate to determine specific procedures, rules, regulation and administrative structures to ensure the competitiveness of this policy. The policy makes sure that excellent and big service providers are all hard-boiled in an equal and fair manner. (www. nca. org. gh) 3. 5 guest Protection Strategies Companies need to know the factors that lead to satisfaction or dissatisfaction of a product with their existing and past customers to de ticket future plans for unconscious process and marketing.Getting a real insight about the customer views on MTN products or services requires efficient and in-depth market research coat all aspects of general customer behavior attributes. MTN telephoner conducts personal interviews, suggestion muckles, feedback forums etc. to gain the customer behavior for the product and the company. (www. mtn. com. gh) 3. 6 Building Customer Satisfaction Customers has become quality conscious and companies have started quality control programs in their manufacturing and retailing operations.The products offered need to meet the expectations of the customer. In certain cases of relationship marketing, telecommunication companies try to overwhelm the customers with so much value that he does not think of going for a compe titive product. In the competitive business environment, a business transaction does not end with a sale. The company tries to constantly update the customers regarding new product offerings and discounts to the privileged customers. Customers are the king, reason their expectations and behavioral patterns is the identify to business success. www. mtn. com. gh) 3. 7 Marketing Mix piece The net income has changed the way business is done in the current world. The variables of segmentation, targeting and positioning are addressed differently. The way new products and services are marketed have changed even though the aim of business in saving economic and social values remain unchanged. Indeed, the bed line of increasing revenue and profit are still the same. Marketing has evolved to more of connectedness, due to the new characteristics brought in by the Internet.Marketing was once seen as a one way, with firms broadcasting their offerings and value proposition. Now it is seen more and more as a conversation between marketers and customers. Marketing efforts incorporate the â€Å"marketing mix”. procession is one element of marketing mix embraced by MTN Company. Promotional activities include advertising (by using different media), sales promotion (sales and trades promotion) e. g. MTN promotion phones with free airtime, and personal selling activities e. g. MTN sales boys and girls moving about with MTN phones, sim cards, modems etc .It also includes Internet marketing, sponsorship marketing: E. g. MTN has sponsored a lot of events and programs (such as: FIFA World Cup 2010, and MTN direct marketing, database marketing and public relations. Integration of all these promotional tools, along with other components of marketing mix, is a way to gain an edge over a competitor. (http;//en. wikipedia. org/wiki/marketing mix) 3. 8 MTN and Customer Feedback MTN Company either directly or through a consultancy firm involve in understanding the customer beh aviour which decides the success of their product offerings.It conducts personal cross-section interviews with current customers, previous customers and prospective customers to grow at the vital reasons and facts on the part of the firm in providing customer satisfaction. This feedback helps the company in rebuild their operational strategies and marketing techniques by improving service standards, delivery systems and payment terms and methods. (www. mtn. com. gh) 3. 9 Role of Ghana Government The Government of Ghana has a very important role to play on how telecommunication and other business group go about their business in the country.Though most telecommunication firms are owned by private investors like MTN, there are rules and regulations they must follow to make work easier and create a very good working environment for other potential investors. The government has to make sure there is equal level field for competitions among various telecommunication service providers. ( www. nca. org. gh) The National Communication Authority as a government machinery is mandated to sanction mobile telecommunication companies for poor service delivery or failure to meet core requirements of NCA.On November8, 2011 the NCA issued a statement imposing a fine of GH? 1. 2 million on five mobile telecommunication companies in Ghana. The five; MTN, Vodafone, Airtel, Expresso and Tigo †were penalised for rendering poor services to their clients. The punishment of the five telecommunication companies covers the third quarter of this year and formed part of measures by the telecom regulator to sanction poor quality service delivery offered to clients of the telecommunication companies and also ensure that consumers have value for money.Airtel suffered the heaviest fine of GH? 350,000. According to an NCA report, the network, which has somewhat 10 per cent of the market with a total customer base of two million as of the end of August, experienced a lot of calling cha nnel congestion in Tamale, Sekondi-Takoradi and the Upper East and West, and Greater capital of Ghana regions. MTN and Expresso were fined GH? 300,000 each. The former was punished for the same offense as Airtel. Vodafone, which also defaulted in its service quality in three regions †Western, Greater Accra and Brong Ahafo regions †was fined GH? 50,000. Tigo certain the least fine of GH? 100,000 after having defaulted in the Western and the three northern regions. (ghanabusinessnews. com/2011/11/08/five-telecom-firms-in-ghana-fined-1. 2m-for-poor-services) The National Communications Authority (NCA) recently fined telecom hulk Glo Ghana, US$200,000 for failing to meet a deadline to demonstrate its commercial operations. The Nigeria based telecom giant received the license to operate in Ghana in 2008. It has since been unable to launch commercial activity in the country after a number of announcements to do so.The NCA issued a Mid-April 2012 ultimatum to Glo Ghana to laun ch or demonstrate sanctions ranging from penalty fines to complete withdrawal of license. It launched its commercial operation on 30th April 2012 making it the sixth and last telecom company to operate in Ghana. (businessdailyonline. com/NG/inder. php/media-business/36776-glo-molbile-starts-operations-in-ghana) 3. 10 MTN Ghana nates Corporate right The MTN Ghana Foundation is being set up to manage the corporate social responsibility (CSR) activities.The philosophical system of MTN is closely linked with the principles of Sustainable Development which struggle that enterprises should be obliged to make decisions based not only on financial or economic factors, but also on the social, environmental and other consequences of their activities. The MTN Ghana Foundation was launched in November 2007 in Accra, Tamale and Sunyani. The Foundation has been established to direct and manage the corporate social responsibility activities of MTN. The objective of the Foundation is to enhanc e the socio-economic development of communities where MTN operates.The focus areas for this first year are health and commandment. These two areas are aligned with national anteriority and development programmes. (www. mtn. com. gh) With education, MTN Ghana Foundation supported Tsito and Akatsi with educational infrastructure. The foundation commissioned a three (3) unit classroom block and a library for Akatsi D/A Basic School and Tsito Senior proficient High School respectively. Prior to the provision, the Akatsi D/A Basic School held classes under trees and Tsito Senior adept High Schoolalso lacked a school library for student. (www. news. peacefmonline. com/education/201203. hp) MTN Ghana Foundation refurbishes Kpedze Health Centre. the MTN Ghana Foundation, has launched the regaining of the Kpedze Health Centre in the Volta Region. The over 30 year old health facility has been essay with severe structural defects after parts of the mental synthesis were destroyed through a fire bang some few years ago. MTN is investing GH? 160,000 towards the put up. The project is expected to be completed within a period of 12 weeks and involves the refurbishment of the physical structure of the main Out Patient Department (OPD) and the pregnancy block. (www. mtn. com. gh/NewsArtDetails. sp? AID=145&ID=11&FirstParentID=1) CHAPTER FOUR 4. 0 DATA PRESENTATION 4. 1. Background of Analysis 4. 1. 1. Respondents Characteristics tabular array 4. 1. 1 Respondents’ sexuality Gender| relative frequency| per centum| Male| 84| 64. 62| Female| 46| 35. 38| thorough| one hundred thirty| 100| Source: arena check out (June, 2012) The respondents’ grammatical gender as displayed in dining table 4. 1. 1 indicates that the males (66. 62%) were more than the females (35. 38%). circuit card 4. 1. 2 Age of respondents Age/Years| Frequency| region| downstairs 20| 13| 10| 20 †29| 36| 27. 69| 30 †39| 52| 40| 40 †49| 20| 15. 38| 50 and su pra| 9| 6. 93| quantity| cxxx| 100|Source: discipline mint (June, 2012) control board 4. 1. 2 indicates the respondents’ age. It is obvious that most of them were in the young adult age and economically active group, between the ages of 20 and 39 constituting 67. 69% (27. 69% and 40%), while the rest constitute 30. 31% do up of respondents below 20, between 40 and 49, and 50 years plus. Table 4. 1. 3 Respondents’ telephone line Occupation| Frequency| per centum| Civil servant | 4| 3. 07| Student| 11| 8. 46| businessman/woman| 31| 23. 85| Other profession| 84| 64. 62| check| 130| 100| Source: athletic field observe (June, 2012) Table 4. 1. 3 depicts respondents’ Occupation.Most of the respondents were farmers (other profession) representing 64. 62% followed by businessman/woman 23. 85 %, while 11 % and 4% were students and complaisant servants respectively. Table 4. 1. 4 Respondents’ Education level Education protection| Frequency| theatrica l role| BECE| 43| 33. 07| WASSCE| 40| 30. 76| parchment| 4| 3. 07| Bachelor’s spirit level| 0| 0| Post Graduate| 0| 0| Uneducated| 43| 33. 07| center| 130| 100| Source: eye socket survey (June, 2012) traffic pattern 4. 1. 4 depicts respondents’ level of education. This arrangements majority of the respondents are BECE holders and uninstructed representing 86%, followed by WASSCE 30. 6% and Diploma 3. 07%. 4. 2 Analysis of MTN to MTN calls or MTN to other networks or other networks to MTN in Tanina. The research used â€Å" comfortable”, â€Å"very satisfied” and â€Å" displease” to analyze how effectve MTN to MTN, MTN to other networks and other networks to MTN calls were in the community. The table below reveals how respondents felt about MTN to MTN calls in the community. Table 4. 2. 1 MTN to MTN calls MTN to MTN calls| Frequency| Percentage| well-off| 22| 16. 92| Very quenched| 32| 24. 61| dissatisfied| 76| 58. 47| Total| 130| 100| Sou rce: Field survey (June, 2012) The research revealed that 58. 7%, representing majoring of the sample size were not satisfied with calls from MTN to MTN sighting situations like call drops, speech mutation, poor voice signal quality and calls not going through. The remaining respondent 41. 53% gave no complaints about the network as they were satisfied and very satisfied with their service. When the group contacted the regional office in Wa, they sited reasons like congestion of calls make at a particular time due to the grand number of subscribers, due to rampant fiber cuts during road construction and other development activities near the community. build 4. a showing results of MTN to MTN calls Table 4. 2. 2 MTN to other networks calls MTN to other networks calls| Frequency| Percentage| Satisfied| 21| 16. 15| Very Satisfied| 11| 8. 46| Dissatisfied| 98| 75. 39| Total| 130| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) During the research it was revealed that 98 out of 130 respondents r epresenting 75. 39% were dissatisfied with calls from MTN to other local networks. This they noted is as a result of call drops, poor voice signal. The remaining 16. 15% and 8. 46% were â€Å"satisfied” and â€Å"very satisfied” respectively. This is tabulated in the tale above.The MTN Regional Office attributed this to maintenance in their network equipment, poor network signal and expert difficulties other networks might be experiencing, Fig 4. b showing results of MTN to other networks Table 4. 2. 3 other networks to MTN calls Other networks to MTN calls| Frequency| Percentage| Satisfied| 32| 24. 61| Very Satisfied| 9| 6. 92| Dissatisfied| 89| 68. 46| Total| 130| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) Table 4. 2. 3 revealed that majority of the respondents 89, representing 68. 46% were dissatisfied with calls made from other networks to MTN.This, according to respondents, is as a result of call drops, poor voice signal. Four non MTN users also tell that they find it difficult and sometimes unachievable for their calls to go through when trying to call MTN numbers. The remaining 32 representing, 24. 61% and 9 representing 6. 92% recorded â€Å"satisfied” and ”very satisfied” respectively. The MTN Office attributed this occasion to when activities are carried out on the network, poor network signal and technical difficulties other network might be experiencing, Fig 4. c showing results of other networks to MTNThe implication of the above analysis indicate that mobile phone users (MTN users and other network users) are dissatisfied with their call service as a result of the succeeding(a) I Call drops II miserable voice signal III delivery mutation, IV Calls not going through 4. 3 Analyzing MTN most preferred product(s) or service(s) The research with the help of the questionnaires found out the pursual product(s) and service(s) were known to respondents: I MTN reminiscence II MTN Pay4me III MTN Mobile money IV MTN netwo rk/broadband V MTN Me2u VI MTN internet bundleThe table shows the number of respondents who were able to list the number of product(s) or service(s) known to them. Table 4. 3. 1 bring up of Product(s) or Service(s) known to Respondents Product(s) or service(s)| Number of respondents| Percentage| MTN recollection| 84| 64. 61| MTN Pay4me| 63| 48. 46| MTN Mobile money| 77| 59. 23| MTN internet/broadband| 62| 46. 92| MTN Me2u| 44| 33. 85| MTN Zone| 23| 17. 69| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) Table 4. 3. 1 illustrates the number of respondents who listed MTN product(s) or service(s) known to them. Out of 130 respondents 84 representing 64. 1% listed MTN Callback as the product or service known to them, trailed by MTN Mobile money with 77 respondents representing 59. 23%, MTN Pay4me with 63 respondents representing 48. 46%, MTN internet/broadband with 62(46. 92%), MTN Me2u 44(33. 85%) and MTN Zone with 23 respondents constituting 17. 69%. On the other hand, the research also revealed the most preferred MTN product(s) or service(s) by respondents. Table 4. 3. 2 Most preferred product(s) or service(s) crop(S) OR SERVICE(S)| Frequency| Percentage| MTN Callback| 37| 28. 46| MTN Pay4me| 32| 24. 61| MTN Mobile money| 41| 31. 53|MTN Internet/broadband| 16| 12. 30| MTN Me2u| 4| 3. 07| MTN Zone| 0| 0| Total| 130| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) Table 4. 3. 2 shows the order of preference for the product and service; MTN Mobile money with 31. 53%, followed by MTN Callback 28. 46%, MTN Pay4me 24.. 61%, MTN internet/broadband 12. 30%, MTN Me2u 3. 07% and MTN Zone 0% Fig 4. e show results of respondent most preferred MTN product(s) or service(s) The reasons shadow respondents preferring MTN product(s) or service(s) to others is as a result of the following benefit they accrue from the use of it: * MTN Mobile moneyThis service enables users to lance money to their love ones in any part of the country through the use of their mobile phone. This respondent say is easi er as compared to making transaction in the bank as one does not need to have bank accounts to receive or shoot money. The research revealed that most of the people who use this service have their families in the big cities that air out them money through this service. However, this service is faced with setbacks like poor network signals making it difficult to access the services sometimes. * MTN CallbackThis is a free service that enables MTN users to send messages like â€Å"please call me”, â€Å"I’ve baffled you, please call me” and â€Å"can’t talk now please text me” to fellow MTN users even when they don’t have credit. According to respondents, they like the use of this service because even when they don’t have enough credit to make calls, it allows them to send messages to the intended person for him/her to call them back. * MTN Pay4me The pay4me service allows MTN users to call other MTN numbers even when they don’ t have credit. As a collect call service the receiver agrees to pick the call and reserve the cost instead of the caller.Respondents revealed that they benefitted from this service mostly in times when they face hardship/money crisis. * MTN Internet/broadband This is an internet/broadband service that allows users to have internet access. The research revealed that students, civil servants and businessmen/women are mostly people who use this service. It enables one to have easy access to information by surfing the web. Some of the respondents complained about the poor nature of this service like poor internet speed and unconnected interruption in the connection. * MTN Me2u This allows MTN users to send or receive credit/airtime to/from other MTN users.Only four (4) respondents use it and were satisfied with the nature of the service. The group used a 5 point scale (where 1 is the lowest and 5 is the highest) to rate the level of customer satisfaction in relation to the most prefe rred product(s) or service(s). Table 4. 3. 3 Rating| Frequency| Percentage| 1| 12| 9. 23| 2| 73| 56. 15| 3| 22| 16. 92| 4| 21| 16. 15| 5| 2| 1. 54| Total| 130| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) Table 4. 3. 3 shows that, 56. 15% respondents chose 2, followed by 3, representing 16. 92, 4 representing, 16. 15%, 1, representing 9. 23% and 5, representing 1. 4%. In conclusion majority of the respondents, 56. 15% rated 2, indicating their dissatisfaction about the quality of MTN product(s) and service(s). From the analysis, it is clear that the most preferred MTN product(s) or service(s) is MTN Mobile money with 31. 53%, followed by MTN Callback 28. 46%, MTN Pay4me 24.. 61%, MTN internet/broadband 12. 30%, MTN Me2u 3. 07% and MTN Zone 0%. 4. 4To ascertain how convenient MTN subscribers have access to their helpline (111). The table below shows the number of respondents who the MTN customer helpline number Table 4. 4. Number of respondents who know MTN customer helpline number Respond s| Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 92| 70. 77| No| 38| 29. 23| Total| 130| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) Table 4. 4. 1 shows that majority (92), representing 70. 77% of respondents knew MTN customer helpline number 38 representing 29. 23%. Fig 4. f showing results of respondents who know the MTN customer helpline number The table below depicts results of respondents who were in one way or the other not satisfied with the services of MTN customer helpline Table 4. 4. 2 Problems| No. of respondents| Percentage|Calls don’t go through | 67| 51. 53| Complaints/problems are not addressed| 97| 74. 61| Takes a monthlong time for calls to be answered | 103| 79. 23| Other| 56| 43. 07| None of the above| 32| 24. 61| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) With respect to 130 respondents, there were multiple answers with how they explicit their dissatisfaction with the service of MTN customer helpline. 103 respondents chose â€Å"Takes a longer time for calls to be answered”. Thi s represents 79. 23%, followed by â€Å"Complains/problems are not addressed” with 97 (74. 61%), â€Å"Calls don’t go through” 67 representing 51. 3%, other 56 (43. 07%) and â€Å"none of the above” with 32 (24. 61%) respondents. Satisfied, very satisfied and dissatisfied were also adopted to analyse the extent to which customers were satisfied with MTN customer helpline Table 4. 4. 3 Level of satisfaction with customer helpline Level of satisfaction| Frequency| Percentage| Satisfied| 27| 20. 76| Very satisfied| 11| 8. 46| Dissatisfied| 92| 70. 78| Total| 130| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) Fig 4. g showing results of respondents with their level of satisfaction with respect to MTN customer helpline.The analysis of the above results indicates that majority of the respondents 92 (70. 78%) show their dissatisfaction with the service of MTN customer helpline, 27 representing 20. 76% said they are satisfied with customer helpline and very satisfied w ith 11 respondents constituting 8. 46%. 4. 5 To ascertain the satisfaction level of MTN internet/broadband service by its users Table 4. 5. 1 shows the results of respondents who have or do not have MTN internet/broadband Responds| Frequency| Percentage| Yes| 12| 9. 23| No| 118| 90. 76| Total| 130| 100|Source: Field survey (June, 2012) During the research, 12 out of 130 respondents, constituting 9. 23% were having or using MTN internet/broadband and the remaining 118 respondents, representing 90. 76% were either not having or using MTN internet/broadband. Those who were not having or using the product/service gave the following I The MTN internet/broadband modem is expensive II MTN internet speed/connection in the community is slow/poor III discourage remarks about the modem by its users. IV Scarcity in getting one to purchase V seize’t have the computer to use it with.The dozen (12) respondents who were using the product or service were asked about their level of satisfac tion regarding the product/service. Table 4. 5. 2 Level of satisfaction with MTN internet/broadband service Level of satisfaction| Frequency| Percentage| Satisfied| 6| 50| Very satisfied| 4| 33. 33| Dissatisfied| 2| 16. 67| Total| 12| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) Out of the 12 respondents who were using the product/service 6 representing 50% were satisfied with quality of the service in the community, Four (4) chose for very satisfied representing 33. 3% and with 2 representing 16. 67% indicating dissatisfied Fig 4. h showing results of MTN internet/broadband user with their level of satisfaction. Respondents who were using the MTN internet/broadband service expressed their level of satisfaction regarding the product/service. 6 out of the 12 respondents representing 50% showed they were very satisfied with MTN internet/broadband, followed by 4 representing 33. 33% showing they were satisfied and dissatisfied with 2 representing 16. 67%. 4. 6Overall Satisfaction Level from Respondents Table 4. 6. Overall acceptable Level from Respondents Satisfactory Level| Frequency| Percentage| Very satisfied | 0| 0| Satisfied| 9| 6. 92| Neutral | 37| 28. 46| Dissatisfied | 78| 60| Very dissatisfied| 6| 4. 62| Total| 130| 100| Source: Field survey (June, 2012) The above table indicates that majority (78 respondents out of 130 representing 60%) of the respondents expressed dissatisfaction with the overall MTN customer satisfaction with respect to their product(s) and service(s) in t community. Fig 4. i showing results of overall satisfactory level of respondents. . 7 Plans by MTN Ghana to improve customer satisfaction in rural areas of Upper West Region. * Widen their network coverage from the length and width of the country which rural areas in Upper West is part of. * Improve the quality of their product(s) and service(s) to meet customers’ needs. * occur to deliver and provide better services to their utilize customers. * Perform other developmental activ ities through heir Corporate loving Responsibility Foundation. CHAPTER FIVE 5. 0 SUMMARY, CONCLUSION, AND RECOMMENDATIONS 5. 1 Summary and Major FindingsThe research major findings cover the four thematic research objectives. 5. 1. 1To find out how MTN to MTN calls or MTN to other networks or other networks to MTN calls effective in Tanina The research revealed that 58. 47% representing majoring of the sample size were not satisfied with calls from MTN to MTN sighting situations like call drops, speech mutation, poor voice signal quality and calls not going through. The remaining respondent 41. 53% gave no complaints about the network as they were satisfied and very satisfied with their service.During the research it was revealed that 98 out of 130 respondents representing 75. 39% were dissatisfied with calls from MTN to other local networks. This, they said is as a result of call drops, poor voice signal. The remaining 16. 15% and 8. 46% were â€Å"satisfied” and â€Å"ver y satisfied”, respectively. Finally, the research revealed that majority of the respondents 89 representing 68. 46% were dissatisfied with calls made from other networks to MTN. This according to respondents is as a result of call drops, poor voice signal.Four non MTN users also stated that they find it difficult and sometimes impossible for their calls to go through when trying to call MTN numbers. The remains 32 representing 24. 61% and 9 representing 6. 92% recorded â€Å"satisfied” and ”very satisfied” respectively. 5. 1. 2To ascertain what MTN product(s) or service(s) is/are most preferred. In the course of the research, respondents most preferred MTN product(s) or service(s) was MTN Mobile money with 31. 53%, followed by MTN Callback 28. 46%, MTN Pay4me 24.. 61%, MTN internet/broadband 12. 30%, MTN Me2u 3. 07% and MTN Zone 0%. . 1. 3To examine how convenient MTN subscribers have access to their helpline (111) in Tanina. The research indicates that majo rity of the respondents 92 (70. 78%) expressed their dissatisfaction with the service of MTN customer helpline, with Satisfied 27 representing 20. 76% and very satisfied with 11 respondents constituting 8. 46%. 5. 1. 4To ascertain the level of satisfaction of MTN internet/broadband service by its users. Respondents who were using the MTN internet/broadband service expressed their level of satisfaction regarding the product/service.Six (6) out of the 12 respondents, representing 50% showed they were very satisfied with MTN internet/broadband, followed by 4 representing 33. 33% showing they were satisfied and dissatisfied with 2 representing 16. 67% 5. 2Conclusion It can be reason out from the study that majority of the respondents expressed their dissatisfaction with the overall MTN service. The main reasons given by the respondents are: a Some of the respondents are of the view that, MTN products and services is expensive. b The network in the community is unstable which causes; I Call dropsII Poor voice signal III Speech mutation IV Calls not going through c Various MTN product and services were nameless to respondents d The services provided by the customer helpline are unsatisfactory. The study also found out that the following with respect to MTN service which are worth mentioning: * The quality of MTN internet/broadband was satisfactory * The nature of MTN Mobile Money service was also satisfactory to those who used it 5. 3Recommendations The research has come to conclude that MTN offers varieties of products and services to its precious customers.However, some of the products still remain unknown to majority of respondents. Among these products and service include; MTN video calling, MTN Blackberry, MTN Backup, MTN Play, Eselfcare and call management services like: call divert, call debar and, hide number. * MTN should strengthen their advertising/publicity mechanism to create awareness about their products to its subscribers in rural areas like Tanin a. * Since majority of the respondents were not satisfied with MTN product and service, the research recommend that MTN Ghana should improve the quality of their product(s) and service(s) in rural communities. MTN should cut down the prices regarding their product and service to make it affordable to rural people * MTN should improve upon their customer helpline service to retain customers since majority expressed their dissatisfaction about this service. * Upgrade and improve on their network coverage in rural communities. * MTN Ghana Foundation as part of it Corporate Social Responsibility should extend it their corporate responsibility programs to rural communities like Tanina. * MTN should make available the 3. 5G Network to enable fast and uninterrupted internet connection in the community.UNIVERSITY FOR DEVELOPMENT STUDIES FACULTY OF INTEGRATED DEVELOPMENT STUDIES discussion section OF AFRICAN AND GENERAL STUDIES (DAGS) DEVELOPMENT COMMUNICATION extract AN ASSESSMENT ON CUST OMER SATISFACTION WITH PRODUCT AND SERVICE legal transfer OF MTN GHANA IN artless AREAS OF THE UPPER WEST REGION. (A CASE STUDY IN TANINA) QUESTIONNAIRE FOR responsiveS Dear mobile network subscriber, we are students of University for Development Studies, Wa Campus and this questionnaire is designed to collect information about how you feel about the service delivery of your mobile network in Tanina, Upper West Region at least for the last 12 months.Your responses will be treated as confidential and will be used for only academic purposes, thank you. Please tick [v] the appropriate box for your answers. RESPONDENT’S IDENTIFICATION 1. Please what is your gender? [ ] male [ ] female 2. Please select your age group. [ ] below 20 years [ ] 20 †29 [ ] 30-39 [ ] 40 †49 [ ] 50 and above 3. What is your occupation? [ ] civil servant [ ] student [ ] businessman/woman [ ] other…………………….. 4. Select your highest academic or pro fessional reservation?Select only one [ ] WASSCE [ ] Technical/Post-secondary [ ] Diploma/HND [ ] Bachelor’s degree [ ] Post-graduate Diploma/master [ ] PhD [ ] Uneducated CUSTOMER RESPONSE TO SERVICE DELIVERY 5. Are you a subscriber to a telecommunication network? [ ] Yes [ ] No 6. Which mobile telecom network(s) do you use? [ ] Vodafone [ ] MTN [ ] Tigo [ ] Expresso [ ] Airtel [ ] Glo 7. Are you a multi-SIM card user (MTN and any other)? [ ] Yes [ ] No 8. If Yes, give reason\r\n'